Urinary/Rep Org - General Info Flashcards
The adrenal cortex produces…
cortisol – metabolism
aldosterone – blood pressure
The adrenal medulla produces…
adrenaline & noradrenaline
The top of the right kidney is found bw ribs ___ and ___ and the top of the left kidney is found at rib ___.
right – 11 & 12 (sits lower bc of liver)
left – 11
Name the layers of coverings of the kidney from deep to superficial (4)
renal capsule, adipose capsule (perirenal fat), renal fascia, pararenal fat
Rapid weight loss is dangerous pertaining to the kidneys. Why? What condition is it associated with?
– hydronephrosis: excess fluid in kidney due to backup of urine
– lose weight too fast, kidneys are unsupported and drop lower, kink ureter, block drainage of urine, urine accumulates and exerts pressure on tissue
– may lead to kidney necrosis and renal failure
Flow of urine
renal cortex, renal tubule, medullary/renal pyramid, papilla of renal pyramid, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, ureteral orifice, bladder, internal urethral sphincter, prostatic urethra, membranous urethra/external urethral sphincter, spongy urethra, external urethral orifice
Thick muscular wall of the bladder is composed of what muscle that also forms the internal urethral sphincter?
detrusor muscle
What is the area between the openings of the ureters and the neck of the urethra?
trigone (a triangular region or tissue, particularly the area at the base of the urinary bladder, between the openings of the ureters and urethra)
NS control of internal vs external urethral sphincters?
internal – involuntary, ANS control
external – voluntary
Parts and borders of male urethra?
prostatic – from IUS through prostate gland to sup aspect of EUS
membranous – from EUS to bulb of penis (bulbourethral glands on each side)
spongy – start of corpus spongiosum to external urethral orifice
Where is the female external urethral orifice located?
– bw labia minora
– just ant and sup to vaginal orifice
– inferoposterior to clitoris
Coverings of penis? (3)
– superficial (Dartos) fascia
– deep (Buck’s) fascia
– tunica albuginea (covers corpora cavernosa)
The corpora cavernosa are on what aspect of the penis?
dorsal side
(*so spongiosum is ventral, reference for penis position is as if it was erect)
Is there fat in the scrotum?
No, no fat. This is important for temperature regulation.
What is just inferior to the scrotum (thin layer of skin covering testes?)
dartos fascia (superficial)
Innervation of scrotum?
2 bb anterior – genital b of genitofemoral, ant scrotal b of ilioinguinal
2 bb posterior – post scrotal b of perineal b of pudendal n, perineal b of PFC n
What is the tunica vaginalis?
– double serous membrane (parietal and visceral layers) derived from abdominal peritoneum
– continuous into the testes
Contents of spermatic cord? (8)
***VTCDTGT
vas (ductus) deferens, testicular aa, cremasteric aa, deferential aa, testicular vv/pampiniform plexus, genital b of genitofemoral n, testicular sympathetic pathway
Fascia of spermatic cord (3)
– external spermatic fascia (continuation of EO muscle)
– cremasteric fascia (contains cremaster m)
– internal spermatic fascia (continuation of TA muscle)
Layers of scrotum? (7)
skin, superficial (Dartos) fascia, ESF, cremasteric fascia, ISF, tunica vaginalis (parietal and visceral layers)
Function of epididymis? (2)
– maturation, storing, propulsion of sperm
– contains fructose for nutrition of sperm
Epididymis innervation?
both parts of autonomic system (symp and parasymp)
Borders of vas deferens?
tail of epididymis to ejaculatory duct
Function and location of seminal vesicles?
– at the base of the bladder
– secrete a thick secretion that mixes with sperm
– seminal fluid contains fructose to help nourish sperm
What and where are the ejaculatory ducts?
– union of vas deferens and ducts of seminal vesicles
– at base of prostate then open via slits into prostatic urethra
What does the prostrate contribute to the ejaculate?
thin milky fluid that enhances sperm motility and allows fluid to clot during ejaculation
What constitutes semen/seminal fluid?
combined fluids from prostate, bulbourethral gland, seminal vesicles, sperm
What does bulbourethral gland contribute to ejaculate?
alkaline fluid that neutralizes acidity in urethra to prepare for ejaculation
Function of bartholin’s glands in females?
– open into vagina and secrete mucus
– mucus neutralizes acidic environment of vagina, provides moisture and lubrication as well
The vagina connects to the uterus via the…
cervix
Compare the ‘bodies’ of the clitoris to the ‘bodies’ of the penis.
– clitoris is made up of 2 corpora cavernosa mm
– unlike the penis, clitoris does not have a spongiosum m
The uterus is separated from the bladder inferiorly by the ___________ and from the sigmoid colon posteriorly by the ____________.
vesicouterine pouch
rectouterine pouch
Parts of uterus (4)
fundus, body, isthmus, cervix
MALE sexual response?
– parasymp: causes arteries to dilate, penis to become engorged and erect (also compresses veins, maintaining erection)
– bulbospongiosum and ischiocavernosum help maintain erection
– parasymp: causes lubrication from bulbourethral glands
– symp: ejaculation
FEMALE sexual response?
– parasymp: arteries dilate in clitoris, vagina, labia
– parasymp: lubrication from bartholin’s glands
– symp: uterine contractions in orgasm
– somatic: causes skeletal muscle contraction during orgasm
located within subcutaneous tissue overlying the pectoralis major and minor muscles
accessory to reproduction in females
mammary glands
conical or cylindrical prominence typically located in the center of the breast
nipple
circular area of pigmented skin surrounding the nipple
areola
innervation of breasts
anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the 4th-6th intercostal nerves
testes and ovaries develope in the ____ abdominal wall
posterior
sperm producing organs; responsible for majority of testosterone produced
testes
storage area for sperm; mature into viable sperm cells here
epididymis
transports sperm
vas deferens
propels sperm with seminal fluid into urethra
ejaculatory ducts
in females the vestibule is the space enclosed by the
labia majora & minora
inferior end of the birth canal
vagina
houses the fetus during pregnancy
uterus
the uterus is supported primarily by the ____ and ____ diaphragms
pelvic and urogenital diaphragms
pathway of round ligament of uterus
originates in uterine horns; enters pelvis via deep inguinal ring; passes through inguinal canal; continues to labia majora
