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PSIO 202 > Urinary Lab > Flashcards

Urinary Lab Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A

Excretion of liquid waste and exogenous substances
Filter blood

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2
Q

What does the urinary system regulate?

A

Blood pH
Blood pressure
Blood volume

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3
Q

What does the urinary system produce?

A

Renin and erythropoietin

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4
Q

What are the principal organs in the urinary system?

A

Kidneys (2), ureters (2), urinary bladder, urethra

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5
Q

Why is the left kidney higher than the right kidney?

A

Because the liver is on the right side (RUQ)

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6
Q

What is the normal parameters for appearance of urine?

A

shade of yellow to deep amber

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7
Q

What is the normal parameters for turbidity of urine?

A

cloudy/clear

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8
Q

What is the normal parameter for odor of urine?

A

“aromatic”

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9
Q

What is the normal parameter of pH of urine?

A

6 (range of 4.5-8.2)

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10
Q

What is the normal parameter for specific gravity of urine?

A

1.001-1.028

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11
Q

What is the normal parameter of production rate of urine?

A

1-1.3mL/min (about 1L/24 hours)

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12
Q

What is specific gravity?

A

the density of urine divided by the density of distilled water (measure of how concentrated the urine is)

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13
Q

What is production rate?

A

the amount of urine being produced per minute

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14
Q

What is the equation for production rate?

A

volume (mL) / time since last voided

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15
Q

Water, ions, urea, uric acid, ammonia, creatinine are all what type of components of urine?

A

normal components

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16
Q

Glucose, large proteins, RBCs, WBCs, bacteria, ketone bodies, and casts are what type of components of urine?

A

abnormal components

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17
Q

What is glucosuria?

A

the presence of glucose in urine

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18
Q

Albuminuria

A

the presence of albumin (protein) in the urine

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19
Q

Hematuria

A

the presence of RBCs in the urine

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20
Q

Pyuria

A

the presence of WBCs in the urine

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21
Q

Ketonuria

A

the presence of ketone bodies in the urine

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22
Q

What are the protective layers of the kidney?

A

Renal Fascia,
Adipose Capsule,
Renal Capsule

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23
Q

What are the regions of the kidney?

A

Renal Cortex,
Renal Medulla,
Renal Sinus

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24
Q

What parts of the kidney make up the renal medulla?

A

Renal pyramids
Renal papilla

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25
What parts of the kidney make up the renal sinus?
Minor and major calyces Renal pelvis Vessels Adipose tissue
26
The papilla of a renal pyramid is at the edge of ________
a minor calyx
27
2-3 minor calyces make up ________
1 major calyx
28
2-3 major calyces make up _____
the renal pelvis
29
What is a nephron?
the functional unit of the kidney
30
What are the functions of a nephron?
filtration, reabsorption, secretion
31
Filtration
blood filtered into glomerulus into renal corpuscle
32
Reabsorption
substances move from nephron tubule back into blood stream
33
What are the two regions of the nephron?
Renal corpuscle and renal tubule
34
What makes up the renal corpsucle?
Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
35
What makes up the renal tubule?
Proximal convoluted tubule Descending limb of nephron loop Ascending limb of nephron loop Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct
36
Papillary duct
where the nephron connects to the renal papilla and renal pyramid
37
What are the two types of nephrons?
Cortical nephrons and Juxtamedullary nephrons
38
What type of nephron contains peritubular capillaries?
Cortical nephrons
39
What type of nephron contains peritubular capillaries and vasa recta along the loop of henle?
Juxtamedullary nephrons
40
Renal blood flow
1. Renal artery 2. Segmental artery 3. Interlobar artery 4. Arcuate artery 5. Cortical radiate artery 6. Afferent arteriole 7. Glomerulus/Glomerular capillaries 8. Efferent arterioles 9. Peritubular capillaries/vasa recta 10. Cortical radiate vein 11. Arcuate vein 12. Interlobar vein 13. Renal vein
41
Filtrate/Urine flow
1. Glomerulus 2. Proximal convoluted tubule 3. Descending limb of loop of Henle 4. Thin ascending limb of loop of Henle 5. Thick ascending limb of Loop of Henle 6. Distal convoluted tubule 7. Collecting duct 8. Renal pyramid 9. Renal papilla 10. Minor calyx 11. Major calyx 12. Renal pelvis 13. Ureter 14. Urinary bladder
42
Function of ureters
Propel urine by peristalsis, hydrostatic pressure, and gravity
43
Micturition
detrusor muscle contracts and forces urine out of bladder
44
Urination
internal/external urethral sphincters relax to allow passage of urine (internal-involuntary, external-voluntary)
45
How many urethral sphincters do males and females have?
Male: 2 external and internal Female: 1 external
46
Ureteral
has to do with ureters
47
Urethral
has to do with urethra
48
What makes up the male urethra?
Prostatic urethra Membranous urethra Spongy urethra
49
What is the function of the internal urethral sphincter?
prevent reflux of semen into bladder during ejaculation
50
What is the function of the external urethral sphincter?
voluntary control over voiding urine
51
How long is the female urethra?
3-4 cm
52
How long is the male urethra?
18 cm
53
Osmosis
water movement from area of low solute concentration to area of high solute concentration
54
Glomerular filtration
creates plasmalike filtrate of blood
55
Reabsorption
removes useful solutes from filtrate and returns to blood tubule to blood
56
Secretion
removes additional wastes from the blood, adds them to filtrate blood to tubule
57
What type of epithelium is in the glomerulus?
simple squamous (for filtration, easy passage of big molecules through)
58
What type of epithelium is in the proximal convoluted tubule?
Simple cuboidal with microvilli
59
What type of epithelium is in the thick segments of the nephron loop?
Simple cuboidal
60
What type of epithelium is in the distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, and papillary duct?
simple cuboidal
61
What does the filtration membrane consist of?
Endothelium, basement membrane, and slit membrane (between pedicels)
62
Podocyte
simple squamous epithelial cells of glomerular capsule
63
Pedicels
fingerlike projections on podocytes that wrap around capillary endothelial cells
64
How does the filtration barrier filter blood?
filters molecules by their size and their charge
65
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
volume of filtrate formed in all renal corpuscles of both kidneys per minute
66
What affects GFR
blood pressure in glomerulus afferent/efferent arteriole diameter
67
What does the proximal convoluted tubule do?
Reabsorption and Secretion
68
What does the Descending Limb of the Loop of Henle do?
permeable to H2o but not solutes filtrate osmolarity increases as H2O leaves tubule
69
What does the ascending limb of the loop of Henle do?
permeable to solutes, less permeable to H2O filtrate osmolarity decreases as solutes leave tubule (bring back to normal osmolarity)
70
What does the distal convoluted tubule do?
reabsorbs Na+ and Cl-, some H2O follows filtrate is more dilute than when first filtered (because less substances in it)
71
Facultative water reabsorption
water reabsorption that can be directly controlled ex water reabsorption increases in response to ADH
72
obligatory water reabsorption
uncontrolled water movement by osmosis ex in PCT where water passively follows solute reabsorption
73
What function does Bowman's capsule do?
filtration
74
What functions do the proximal and distal convoluted tubules do?
reabsorption and secretion
75
What function does the loop of henle do?
reabsorption
76
What functions does the collecting duct do?
some reabsorption

PSIO 202 (12 decks)

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