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PSIO 202 > Urinary Lab > Flashcards

Urinary Lab Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A

Excretion of liquid waste and exogenous substances
Filter blood

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2
Q

What does the urinary system regulate?

A

Blood pH
Blood pressure
Blood volume

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3
Q

What does the urinary system produce?

A

Renin and erythropoietin

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4
Q

What are the principal organs in the urinary system?

A

Kidneys (2), ureters (2), urinary bladder, urethra

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5
Q

Why is the left kidney higher than the right kidney?

A

Because the liver is on the right side (RUQ)

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6
Q

What is the normal parameters for appearance of urine?

A

shade of yellow to deep amber

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7
Q

What is the normal parameters for turbidity of urine?

A

cloudy/clear

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8
Q

What is the normal parameter for odor of urine?

A

“aromatic”

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9
Q

What is the normal parameter of pH of urine?

A

6 (range of 4.5-8.2)

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10
Q

What is the normal parameter for specific gravity of urine?

A

1.001-1.028

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11
Q

What is the normal parameter of production rate of urine?

A

1-1.3mL/min (about 1L/24 hours)

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12
Q

What is specific gravity?

A

the density of urine divided by the density of distilled water (measure of how concentrated the urine is)

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13
Q

What is production rate?

A

the amount of urine being produced per minute

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14
Q

What is the equation for production rate?

A

volume (mL) / time since last voided

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15
Q

Water, ions, urea, uric acid, ammonia, creatinine are all what type of components of urine?

A

normal components

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16
Q

Glucose, large proteins, RBCs, WBCs, bacteria, ketone bodies, and casts are what type of components of urine?

A

abnormal components

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17
Q

What is glucosuria?

A

the presence of glucose in urine

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18
Q

Albuminuria

A

the presence of albumin (protein) in the urine

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19
Q

Hematuria

A

the presence of RBCs in the urine

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20
Q

Pyuria

A

the presence of WBCs in the urine

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21
Q

Ketonuria

A

the presence of ketone bodies in the urine

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22
Q

What are the protective layers of the kidney?

A

Renal Fascia,
Adipose Capsule,
Renal Capsule

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23
Q

What are the regions of the kidney?

A

Renal Cortex,
Renal Medulla,
Renal Sinus

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24
Q

What parts of the kidney make up the renal medulla?

A

Renal pyramids
Renal papilla

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25
Q

What parts of the kidney make up the renal sinus?

A

Minor and major calyces
Renal pelvis
Vessels
Adipose tissue

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26
Q

The papilla of a renal pyramid is at the edge of ________

A

a minor calyx

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27
Q

2-3 minor calyces make up ________

A

1 major calyx

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28
Q

2-3 major calyces make up _____

A

the renal pelvis

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29
Q

What is a nephron?

A

the functional unit of the kidney

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30
Q

What are the functions of a nephron?

A

filtration, reabsorption, secretion

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31
Q

Filtration

A

blood filtered into glomerulus into renal corpuscle

32
Q

Reabsorption

A

substances move from nephron tubule back into blood stream

33
Q

What are the two regions of the nephron?

A

Renal corpuscle and renal tubule

34
Q

What makes up the renal corpsucle?

A

Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

35
Q

What makes up the renal tubule?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule
Descending limb of nephron loop
Ascending limb of nephron loop
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct

36
Q

Papillary duct

A

where the nephron connects to the renal papilla and renal pyramid

37
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A

Cortical nephrons and Juxtamedullary nephrons

38
Q

What type of nephron contains peritubular capillaries?

A

Cortical nephrons

39
Q

What type of nephron contains peritubular capillaries and vasa recta along the loop of henle?

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

40
Q

Renal blood flow

A
  1. Renal artery
  2. Segmental artery
  3. Interlobar artery
  4. Arcuate artery
  5. Cortical radiate artery
  6. Afferent arteriole
  7. Glomerulus/Glomerular capillaries
  8. Efferent arterioles
  9. Peritubular capillaries/vasa recta
  10. Cortical radiate vein
  11. Arcuate vein
  12. Interlobar vein
  13. Renal vein
41
Q

Filtrate/Urine flow

A
  1. Glomerulus
  2. Proximal convoluted tubule
  3. Descending limb of loop of Henle
  4. Thin ascending limb of loop of Henle
  5. Thick ascending limb of Loop of Henle
  6. Distal convoluted tubule
  7. Collecting duct
  8. Renal pyramid
  9. Renal papilla
  10. Minor calyx
  11. Major calyx
  12. Renal pelvis
  13. Ureter
  14. Urinary bladder
42
Q

Function of ureters

A

Propel urine by peristalsis, hydrostatic pressure, and gravity

43
Q

Micturition

A

detrusor muscle contracts and forces urine out of bladder

44
Q

Urination

A

internal/external urethral sphincters relax to allow passage of urine (internal-involuntary, external-voluntary)

45
Q

How many urethral sphincters do males and females have?

A

Male: 2 external and internal
Female: 1 external

46
Q

Ureteral

A

has to do with ureters

47
Q

Urethral

A

has to do with urethra

48
Q

What makes up the male urethra?

A

Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Spongy urethra

49
Q

What is the function of the internal urethral sphincter?

A

prevent reflux of semen into bladder during ejaculation

50
Q

What is the function of the external urethral sphincter?

A

voluntary control over voiding urine

51
Q

How long is the female urethra?

A

3-4 cm

52
Q

How long is the male urethra?

A

18 cm

53
Q

Osmosis

A

water movement from area of low solute concentration to area of high solute concentration

54
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

creates plasmalike filtrate of blood

55
Q

Reabsorption

A

removes useful solutes from filtrate and returns to blood
tubule to blood

56
Q

Secretion

A

removes additional wastes from the blood, adds them to filtrate
blood to tubule

57
Q

What type of epithelium is in the glomerulus?

A

simple squamous (for filtration, easy passage of big molecules through)

58
Q

What type of epithelium is in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Simple cuboidal with microvilli

59
Q

What type of epithelium is in the thick segments of the nephron loop?

A

Simple cuboidal

60
Q

What type of epithelium is in the distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, and papillary duct?

A

simple cuboidal

61
Q

What does the filtration membrane consist of?

A

Endothelium, basement membrane, and slit membrane (between pedicels)

62
Q

Podocyte

A

simple squamous epithelial cells of glomerular capsule

63
Q

Pedicels

A

fingerlike projections on podocytes that wrap around capillary endothelial cells

64
Q

How does the filtration barrier filter blood?

A

filters molecules by their size and their charge

65
Q

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

volume of filtrate formed in all renal corpuscles of both kidneys per minute

66
Q

What affects GFR

A

blood pressure in glomerulus
afferent/efferent arteriole diameter

67
Q

What does the proximal convoluted tubule do?

A

Reabsorption and Secretion

68
Q

What does the Descending Limb of the Loop of Henle do?

A

permeable to H2o but not solutes
filtrate osmolarity increases as H2O leaves tubule

69
Q

What does the ascending limb of the loop of Henle do?

A

permeable to solutes, less permeable to H2O
filtrate osmolarity decreases as solutes leave tubule (bring back to normal osmolarity)

70
Q

What does the distal convoluted tubule do?

A

reabsorbs Na+ and Cl-, some H2O follows
filtrate is more dilute than when first filtered (because less substances in it)

71
Q

Facultative water reabsorption

A

water reabsorption that can be directly controlled
ex water reabsorption increases in response to ADH

72
Q

obligatory water reabsorption

A

uncontrolled water movement by osmosis
ex in PCT where water passively follows solute reabsorption

73
Q

What function does Bowman’s capsule do?

A

filtration

74
Q

What functions do the proximal and distal convoluted tubules do?

A

reabsorption and secretion

75
Q

What function does the loop of henle do?

A

reabsorption

76
Q

What functions does the collecting duct do?

A

some reabsorption

PSIO 202 (12 decks)

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