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PSIO 202 > Digestive Anatomy > Flashcards

Digestive Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the digestive system?

A

Ingestion, digestion. absorption, compaction, defecation

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2
Q

What are the functions of the digestive system?

A

Ingestion, digestion. absorption, compaction, defecation

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3
Q

What is the part of the canal that comes in direct contact with food?

A

GI tract organs

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4
Q

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus are what type of organs?

A

gastrointestinal tract organs

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5
Q

What are the type of organs that assist with digestion?

A

accessory organs

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6
Q

What are the accessory organs?

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas

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7
Q

What organ breaks up food particles and assists in producing spoken language?

A

mouth

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8
Q

What organ swallows?

A

pharynx

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9
Q

What organ moistens and lubricates food with saliva and provides amylase to digest polysaccharides?

A

salivary glands

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10
Q

What organ transports food?

A

esophagus

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11
Q

What organ breaks down and builds up many biological molecules, stores vitamins and iron, destroys old blood cells and poisons, and creates bile?

A

liver

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12
Q

What organ stores bile?

A

gallbladder

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13
Q

What organ stores and churns food and has limited absorption?

A

stomach

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14
Q

What organ releases hormones that regulate blood glucose levels?

A

pancreas

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15
Q

What organ completes digestion and does the bulk of absorption?

A

small intestine

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16
Q

What organ reabsorbs some ions and water and forms and stores feces?

A

large intestine (colon)

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17
Q

What organ stores and expels feces?

A

rectum

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18
Q

What organ is the opening for elimination of feces?

A

anus

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19
Q

What are the layers of the digestive tract?

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

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20
Q

What are the three layers of the mucosa?

A

epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae

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21
Q

What are the two layers of the muscularis externa?

A

inner circular and outer longitudinal

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22
Q

What controls peristalsis and other contractions of the muscularis externa?

A

myenteric plexus

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23
Q

What controls the muscularis mucosae and glandular secretions of the mucosa?

A

submucosal plexus

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24
Q

What is the serous membrane that surrounds the peritoneal cavity?

A

peritoneum

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25
Q

What layer of the peritoneum touches the organs?

A

visceral peritoneum

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26
Q

What layer of the peritoneum is on the outside of the peritoneum?

A

parietal peritoneum

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27
Q

What are the retroperitoneal organs? (outside and posterior to peritoneum)

A

duodenum, part of pancreas, portions of large intestine

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28
Q

How many peritoneal folds are there?

A

5

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29
Q

What peritoneal fold holds the small intestine to posterior abdominal wall?

A

mesentery

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30
Q

What peritoneal fold holds the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall?

A

mesocolon

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31
Q

What peritoneal fold binds the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Falciform ligament

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32
Q

What peritoneal fold is a layer of fat that loosely covers the transverse colon and small intestine?

A

Greater omentum

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33
Q

What peritoneal fold connects the medial curve of the stomach with the liver?

A

Lesser omentum

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34
Q

What organ regulates swallowing reflex and keeps excess air out of the esophagus?

A

Upper esophageal sphincter

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35
Q

In what layer of the esophagus do peristaltic contractions occur?

A

Muscularis layer

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36
Q

What part of the esophagus prevents reflux from the stomach?

A

Lower esophageal sphincter

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37
Q

What are the four regions of the stomach?

A

Cardia, fundus, body, pyloric part

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38
Q

What organ secretes acid, enzymes, and churns food, and liquifies food into chyme?

A

Stomach

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39
Q

What region of the stomach is the interface between the esophagus and stomach?

A

Cardia

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40
Q

What region of the stomach holds both undigested food and gases released during digestion?

A

Fundus

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41
Q

What region of the stomach is the main portion where most churning and digestion takes place?

A

Body

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42
Q

What region of the stomach holds the broken down food until it is ready to be released into the small intestine?

A

Pyloric antrum and canal

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43
Q

What are the three layers of the muscularis externa in the stomach?

A

inner oblique, middle circular, and outer longitudinal

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44
Q

What is the function of the rugae of mucosa in the stomach?

A

Allows for expansion by increasing surface area

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45
Q

What is it called when the stomach bulges superior to the diaphragm?

A

hiatal hernia

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46
Q

How many cell types are in gastric glands?

A

5

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47
Q

What are the cell types of the gastric glands?

A

Mucus cells, regenerative (stem) cells, parietal cells, chief cells, and enteroendocrine cells

48
Q

Where does most absorption of fluid and nutrients occur?

A

small intestine

49
Q

What are the 3 regions of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

50
Q

What part of the small intestine separates the small from large intestine?

A

Ileal papilla (or ileocecal sphincter)

51
Q

What creates a large surface area for absorption in the small intestine?

A

Plicae circularis (or circular folds), villi, microvilli

52
Q

What organ absorbs remaining water (dessication) and segments bolus?

A

large intestine

53
Q

What are the regions of the large intestine?

A

Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, and anus

54
Q

What are the 2 regulators for movement of feces?

A

Internal anal sphincter and external anal sphincter

55
Q

What type of muscle is the internal anal sphincter made up of and is it voluntary or involuntary?

A

Smooth muscle, involuntary

56
Q

What muscle type makes up the external anal sphincter and is it voluntary and involuntary?

A

Skeletal muscle, voluntary

57
Q

What are swollen veins in your anus and lower rectum?

A

Hemorrhoids

58
Q

Where are internal hemorrhoids formed?

A

inside rectum

59
Q

Where are external hemorrhoids formed?

A

under skin around the anus

60
Q

What bony part of the mouth makes up most of the roof?

A

Hard palate

61
Q

What muscular part of the mouth forms the minority of the roof?

A

Soft palate

62
Q

What part of the mouth prevents swallowed food from entering the nasal cavity?

A

Uvula

63
Q

What part of the mouth forms the lateral walls of the oral cavity?

A

Cheek

64
Q

What type of teeth grind food?

A

Molars

65
Q

What type of teeth crush and grind food?

A

Premolars

66
Q

What type of teeth tear food?

A

Canines

67
Q

What type of teeth cut food?

A

Incisors

68
Q

What attaches the superior lip to the gums?

A

Superior labial frenulum

69
Q

What attaches the tongue to the bottom of the mouth and limits movement of the tongue posteriorly?

A

Lingual frenulum

70
Q

What covers tooth sockets and helps to anchor teeth?

A

Gingivae (gums)

71
Q

What attaches the inferior lip to the gums?

A

Inferior labial frenulum

72
Q

What part of the tooth is made of calcium salts and protects the tooth from wear and tear?

A

Enamel

73
Q

What part of the tooth is made of calcified connective tissue and makes up the majority of the tooth?

A

Dentin

74
Q

What part of the tooth contains pulp (connective tissue containing nerves and blood vessels)?

A

Pulp Cavity

75
Q

What part of the tooth is a bone-like substance that attaches the root to the periodontal ligament?

A

Cementum

76
Q

What part of the tooth helps anchor the tooth to the underlying bone?

A

Periodontal ligament

77
Q

What part of the tooth is the opening at the base of a root canal where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter?

A

Apical foramen

78
Q

What is the minor salivary glands that are scattered throughout the mouth and are always producing saliva to moisten the mouth?

A

Intrinsic salivary glands

79
Q

What are the major salivary glands that are made up of 3 pairs of glands located outside of the oral mucosa?

A

Extrinsic salivary glands

80
Q

What are the 3 pairs of extrinsic salivary glands?

A

Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.

81
Q

What types of cells make up the salivary glands?

A

Secretory cells and duct cells

82
Q

What 2 cells make up the secretory cells in the salivary glands?

A

Serous acini/cells and mucous cells

83
Q

What vessels make up the portal triad in the liver?

A

Bile ductile, branch of hepatic artery, and branch of hepatic vein

84
Q

How do you identify the histology of the liver?

A

Central vein and hepatic triad

85
Q

What are the name of the cells in the liver?

A

hepatocytes

86
Q

What is a single unit of liver called?

A

Liver lobule

87
Q

The right hepatic duct and left hepatic duct combine to form?

A

Common hepatic duct from liver

88
Q

Where does the cystic duct originate from?

A

Gallbladder

89
Q

The common hepatic duct and cystic duct combine to form?

A

Common bile duct

90
Q

Where does the common bile duct and pancreatic duct combine?

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla (duodenum)

91
Q

What is another name for the hepatopancreatic ampulla?

A

Sphincter of Oddi

92
Q

What is the name of the surgery that removes the gallbladder?

A

cholecystectomy

93
Q

How does the pancreas secrete digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into the duodenum?

A

Through the duodenal papilla (hepatopancreatic sphicter)

94
Q

What cells make up the endocrine pancreas?

A

Islets of Langerhans

95
Q

What cells make up the exocrine pancreas?

A

Acini cells

96
Q

What 2 types of cells make up the pancreatic islet?

A

Alpha and beta cells

97
Q

What do alpha cells secrete in the pancreas?

A

Glucagon

98
Q

What do beta cells secrete in the pancreas?

A

Insulin

99
Q

How can you identify stomach histology?

A

Gastric pits, w/ small opening, large inside

100
Q

How can you identify small intestine histology?

A

Microvilli, few goblet cells, large opening and small pits on villi

101
Q

How can you identify large intestine histology?

A

flat surface, column shaped, lots of goblet cells

102
Q

Ingestion

A

Consumption via mouth

103
Q

Mastication

A

chewing

104
Q

Secretion

A

release of a substance

105
Q

Propulsion

A

pushing/moving forward

106
Q

Peristalsis

A

waves of smooth muscle contraction that causes propulsion

107
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

breakdown of food into smaller bits of smaller food (no molecular alteration)

108
Q

Chemical digestion

A

breakdown of macronutrients by enzymes/acid into smaller molecules

109
Q

Absorption

A

uptake of a substance

110
Q

Defecation

A

expelling feces from the GI tract

111
Q

Churning

A

method of mechanical breakdown

112
Q

Deglutition

A

swallowing

113
Q

Segmentation

A

mechanical breakdown in intestines, breaking food into segments as well as mixing (and moving in both directions)

114
Q

Desiccation

A

removing water

115
Q

Bolus

A

rounded mushy lump of food in esophagus

116
Q

Chyme

A

liquified food in stomach and small intestines

117
Q

Feces

A

waste found in colon

PSIO 202 (12 decks)

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