Digestive Anatomy Flashcards
What are the functions of the digestive system?
Ingestion, digestion. absorption, compaction, defecation
What are the functions of the digestive system?
Ingestion, digestion. absorption, compaction, defecation
What is the part of the canal that comes in direct contact with food?
GI tract organs
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus are what type of organs?
gastrointestinal tract organs
What are the type of organs that assist with digestion?
accessory organs
What are the accessory organs?
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas
What organ breaks up food particles and assists in producing spoken language?
mouth
What organ swallows?
pharynx
What organ moistens and lubricates food with saliva and provides amylase to digest polysaccharides?
salivary glands
What organ transports food?
esophagus
What organ breaks down and builds up many biological molecules, stores vitamins and iron, destroys old blood cells and poisons, and creates bile?
liver
What organ stores bile?
gallbladder
What organ stores and churns food and has limited absorption?
stomach
What organ releases hormones that regulate blood glucose levels?
pancreas
What organ completes digestion and does the bulk of absorption?
small intestine
What organ reabsorbs some ions and water and forms and stores feces?
large intestine (colon)
What organ stores and expels feces?
rectum
What organ is the opening for elimination of feces?
anus
What are the layers of the digestive tract?
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
What are the three layers of the mucosa?
epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae
What are the two layers of the muscularis externa?
inner circular and outer longitudinal
What controls peristalsis and other contractions of the muscularis externa?
myenteric plexus
What controls the muscularis mucosae and glandular secretions of the mucosa?
submucosal plexus
What is the serous membrane that surrounds the peritoneal cavity?
peritoneum
What layer of the peritoneum touches the organs?
visceral peritoneum
What layer of the peritoneum is on the outside of the peritoneum?
parietal peritoneum
What are the retroperitoneal organs? (outside and posterior to peritoneum)
duodenum, part of pancreas, portions of large intestine
How many peritoneal folds are there?
5
What peritoneal fold holds the small intestine to posterior abdominal wall?
mesentery
What peritoneal fold holds the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall?
mesocolon
What peritoneal fold binds the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?
Falciform ligament
What peritoneal fold is a layer of fat that loosely covers the transverse colon and small intestine?
Greater omentum
What peritoneal fold connects the medial curve of the stomach with the liver?
Lesser omentum
What organ regulates swallowing reflex and keeps excess air out of the esophagus?
Upper esophageal sphincter
In what layer of the esophagus do peristaltic contractions occur?
Muscularis layer
What part of the esophagus prevents reflux from the stomach?
Lower esophageal sphincter
What are the four regions of the stomach?
Cardia, fundus, body, pyloric part
What organ secretes acid, enzymes, and churns food, and liquifies food into chyme?
Stomach
What region of the stomach is the interface between the esophagus and stomach?
Cardia
What region of the stomach holds both undigested food and gases released during digestion?
Fundus
What region of the stomach is the main portion where most churning and digestion takes place?
Body
What region of the stomach holds the broken down food until it is ready to be released into the small intestine?
Pyloric antrum and canal
What are the three layers of the muscularis externa in the stomach?
inner oblique, middle circular, and outer longitudinal
What is the function of the rugae of mucosa in the stomach?
Allows for expansion by increasing surface area
What is it called when the stomach bulges superior to the diaphragm?
hiatal hernia
How many cell types are in gastric glands?
5
What are the cell types of the gastric glands?
Mucus cells, regenerative (stem) cells, parietal cells, chief cells, and enteroendocrine cells
Where does most absorption of fluid and nutrients occur?
small intestine
What are the 3 regions of the small intestine?
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
What part of the small intestine separates the small from large intestine?
Ileal papilla (or ileocecal sphincter)
What creates a large surface area for absorption in the small intestine?
Plicae circularis (or circular folds), villi, microvilli
What organ absorbs remaining water (dessication) and segments bolus?
large intestine
What are the regions of the large intestine?
Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, and anus
What are the 2 regulators for movement of feces?
Internal anal sphincter and external anal sphincter
What type of muscle is the internal anal sphincter made up of and is it voluntary or involuntary?
Smooth muscle, involuntary
What muscle type makes up the external anal sphincter and is it voluntary and involuntary?
Skeletal muscle, voluntary
What are swollen veins in your anus and lower rectum?
Hemorrhoids
Where are internal hemorrhoids formed?
inside rectum
Where are external hemorrhoids formed?
under skin around the anus
What bony part of the mouth makes up most of the roof?
Hard palate
What muscular part of the mouth forms the minority of the roof?
Soft palate
What part of the mouth prevents swallowed food from entering the nasal cavity?
Uvula
What part of the mouth forms the lateral walls of the oral cavity?
Cheek
What type of teeth grind food?
Molars
What type of teeth crush and grind food?
Premolars
What type of teeth tear food?
Canines
What type of teeth cut food?
Incisors
What attaches the superior lip to the gums?
Superior labial frenulum
What attaches the tongue to the bottom of the mouth and limits movement of the tongue posteriorly?
Lingual frenulum
What covers tooth sockets and helps to anchor teeth?
Gingivae (gums)
What attaches the inferior lip to the gums?
Inferior labial frenulum
What part of the tooth is made of calcium salts and protects the tooth from wear and tear?
Enamel
What part of the tooth is made of calcified connective tissue and makes up the majority of the tooth?
Dentin
What part of the tooth contains pulp (connective tissue containing nerves and blood vessels)?
Pulp Cavity
What part of the tooth is a bone-like substance that attaches the root to the periodontal ligament?
Cementum
What part of the tooth helps anchor the tooth to the underlying bone?
Periodontal ligament
What part of the tooth is the opening at the base of a root canal where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter?
Apical foramen
What is the minor salivary glands that are scattered throughout the mouth and are always producing saliva to moisten the mouth?
Intrinsic salivary glands
What are the major salivary glands that are made up of 3 pairs of glands located outside of the oral mucosa?
Extrinsic salivary glands
What are the 3 pairs of extrinsic salivary glands?
Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.
What types of cells make up the salivary glands?
Secretory cells and duct cells
What 2 cells make up the secretory cells in the salivary glands?
Serous acini/cells and mucous cells
What vessels make up the portal triad in the liver?
Bile ductile, branch of hepatic artery, and branch of hepatic vein
How do you identify the histology of the liver?
Central vein and hepatic triad
What are the name of the cells in the liver?
hepatocytes
What is a single unit of liver called?
Liver lobule
The right hepatic duct and left hepatic duct combine to form?
Common hepatic duct from liver
Where does the cystic duct originate from?
Gallbladder
The common hepatic duct and cystic duct combine to form?
Common bile duct
Where does the common bile duct and pancreatic duct combine?
hepatopancreatic ampulla (duodenum)
What is another name for the hepatopancreatic ampulla?
Sphincter of Oddi
What is the name of the surgery that removes the gallbladder?
cholecystectomy
How does the pancreas secrete digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into the duodenum?
Through the duodenal papilla (hepatopancreatic sphicter)
What cells make up the endocrine pancreas?
Islets of Langerhans
What cells make up the exocrine pancreas?
Acini cells
What 2 types of cells make up the pancreatic islet?
Alpha and beta cells
What do alpha cells secrete in the pancreas?
Glucagon
What do beta cells secrete in the pancreas?
Insulin
How can you identify stomach histology?
Gastric pits, w/ small opening, large inside
How can you identify small intestine histology?
Microvilli, few goblet cells, large opening and small pits on villi
How can you identify large intestine histology?
flat surface, column shaped, lots of goblet cells
Ingestion
Consumption via mouth
Mastication
chewing
Secretion
release of a substance
Propulsion
pushing/moving forward
Peristalsis
waves of smooth muscle contraction that causes propulsion
Mechanical digestion
breakdown of food into smaller bits of smaller food (no molecular alteration)
Chemical digestion
breakdown of macronutrients by enzymes/acid into smaller molecules
Absorption
uptake of a substance
Defecation
expelling feces from the GI tract
Churning
method of mechanical breakdown
Deglutition
swallowing
Segmentation
mechanical breakdown in intestines, breaking food into segments as well as mixing (and moving in both directions)
Desiccation
removing water
Bolus
rounded mushy lump of food in esophagus
Chyme
liquified food in stomach and small intestines
Feces
waste found in colon
