Repro IV: Pregnancy and Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 stages of gestation and how long do they last?

A
  1. germinal stage (1st 2 weeks)
  2. embryonic stage (weeks 3-8)
  3. fetal stage (weeks 9-38)
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2
Q

What happens during the germinal stage of gestation?

A

zygote becomes morula which becomes a blastocyst which then enters the uterus
once blastocyst is implanted it is called an embryo

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3
Q

What happens during the embryonic stage of gestation?

A

embryo develops 3 primary tissue layers and develops beginnings of organs and organ system
embryo becomes fetus at end of 8th week

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4
Q

What are the 3 primary germ layers?

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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5
Q

What two organs/organ systems develop from the ectoderm?

A

all nervous tissue
epidermis of skin

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6
Q

What organs/organ systems develop from the mesoderm?

A

cartilage, bone, connective tissues
skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscles
blood and lymphatic vessels
epithelium of gonads

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7
Q

What organs/organ systems develop from the endoderm?

A

epithelium of digestive tract
epithelium of respiratory system
epithelium of thyroid, liver, pancreas
epithelium of bladder

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8
Q

When does the placenta form>

A

during 3rd month of gestation

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9
Q

What does the placenta develop from?

A

embryonic chorion and uterine tissue

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10
Q

What are the 3 functions of the placenta?

A
  1. site of nutrient, gas, and waste exchange
  2. secretes hormones that maintain pregnancy
  3. barrier to microorganisms, except some viruses
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11
Q

What viruses and substances can pass through the placenta?

A

AIDS, measles, chickenpox, poliomyelitis, encephalitis
drugs, alcohol

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12
Q

What structure connects the embryo and the placenta?

A

umbilical cord

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13
Q

What vessels does the umbilical cord contain?

A

two umbilical arteries
one umbilical vein

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14
Q

What is the maternal portion of the placenta?

A

decidua basalis of uterus
contains maternal vessels

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15
Q

What is the fetal portion of the placenta?

A

chorionic villi of chorion
contains umbilical cord vessels and amnion, fetal blood vessels

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16
Q

What hormone does the chorion of the embryo produce?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

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17
Q

What is the effect of hCG?

A

rescues the corpus luteum from degeneration until 3/4 months

18
Q

What hormones foes the placenta take over producing from the corpus luteum?

A

steroid hormones: including estrogens and progesterone

19
Q

At what weeks of pregnancy would hCG levels be the highest?

A

weeks 4-12

20
Q

At what weeks of pregnanacy would estrogens and progesterone levels be the highest>

A

end of pregnancy
weeks 32+

21
Q

What are the effects of progesterone and estrogens released from the corpus luteum/placenta?

A
  1. maintain endometrium during pregnancy
  2. prepare mammary glands for lactation
  3. prepare mother’s body for birth of baby
22
Q

What are the effects of relaxin released from the placenta?

A
  1. increase flexibility of pubic symphysis
  2. helps dilate uterine cervix during labor
23
Q

What are the effects of human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS)?

A
  1. prepare mammary glands for lactation
  2. enhance growth by increasing protein synthesis
  3. decrease glucose use and increase fatty acid use for ATP production
24
Q

What are the effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)?

A
  1. establish timing of birth
  2. increase secretion of cortisol
25
Q

What role does cortisol play in fetal development?

A

maturation of fetal lungs
production of surfactant in fetal alveoli

26
Q

What are the 3 stages of birth?

A
  1. stage of dilation
  2. stage of expulsion
  3. placental stage
27
Q

What is the bp for preeclampsia?

A

140-160 systolic
90-110 diastolic

28
Q

What accompanies preeclampsia?

A

proteinuria

29
Q

What is bp for eclampsia?

A

> 160 systolic
110 diastolic

30
Q

What accompanies eclampsia?

A

proteinuria
seizures

31
Q

What causes preeclampsia and eclampsia?

A

damage to the vascular component of the placenta

32
Q

What is released by the damaged placenta causing damage throughout the body?

A

pro-coagulant and vasoconstrictive chemicals

33
Q

What tissues/organs/systems are impaired or damaged by pre/eclampsia?

A

kidney, cardiovascular system, liver, blood cells, central nervous system, placenta

34
Q

What happens when there is impaired placental function due to eclampsia?

A

blood flow is impaired causing blood to flow into intervillous spaces
ischemic placenta produces chemicals causing blood and endothelial cell dysfunction

35
Q

How does eclampsia impair renal function?

A
  1. vasoconstriction of renal blood vessels
  2. oliguria (low urine output)
  3. increase in blood volume
  4. proteinuria as a result of damage to glomerular capillaries and basement membrane
36
Q

How does eclampsia impair cardiovascular function?

A

significant hypertension
increase in preload. increase in cardiac output

37
Q

How does eclampsia impair central nervous system function?

A

hypertension
vascular damage
abnormal clotting
headaches
visual disturbances (retinal damage)
seizures

38
Q

How does eclampsia impair liver function?

A

hemolysis
enhanced coagulation
hepatic damage
liver enlarges
elevated liver enzymes from hepatic injury

39
Q

How does eclampsia impair placental function>

A

restricted nutrient availability diminishes growth of fetus

40
Q

How is eclampsia treated?

A

inducing labor as soon as fetus is developed enough to be born