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PSIO 202 > Reproductive Lab > Flashcards

Reproductive Lab Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the female reproductive system

A

Maturation/transportation of oocyte
Site of fertilization and development of embryo/fetus
Milk production
Production of various hormones

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2
Q

What are the components of the female reproductive system?

A

Ovaries, uterine tubes (fallopian tubes), uterus, vagina, external genitalia, mammary glands

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3
Q

What is the endocrine product of the female reproductive system?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

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4
Q

What is the exocrine product of the female reproductive system?

A

Ova (egg)

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5
Q

What makes up the internal genitalia anatomy?

A

Ovaries, uterine tubes (fallopian tubes or oviduct), uterus, vagina

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6
Q

Function of ovaries

A

produce oocyte and hormones

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7
Q

Function of uterine tubes

A

Canal leading from each ovary to the uterus
Fallopian tubes or oviduct

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8
Q

Function of uterus

A

Harbor/nourish a developing fetus

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9
Q

Function of vagina

A

Discharge menstrual fluid, receive penis/semen during intercourse, and birthing canal for delivery

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10
Q

What are the 3 regions of the uterine tube?

A

Isthmus, Ampulla, Infundibulum

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11
Q

What is the Isthmus?

A

Narrow portion of uterine tubes that open into uterus

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12
Q

What is the Ampulla?

A

Middle region of tube where egg is fertilized by sperm

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13
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

Distal, funnel shaped portion of the uterine tubes that receives egg from ovary
Has fimbriae to help

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14
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

Finger-like projections at the distal end of the uterine tubes (not a region, on infundibulum)
Movement helps sweep ovulated oocyte into uterine tube

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15
Q

What are the 3 regions of the uterus?

A

Fundus, body, cervix

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16
Q

What is the fundus?

A

Region of uterus
Round/dome shaped top of uterus

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17
Q

What is the body of the uterus?

A

Begins below the uterine tubes, narrows as you move inferiorly (roughly middle third)

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18
Q

What is the uterine cavity?

A

Space within the uterus (place that houses the fetus)

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19
Q

What is the cervix?

A

Narrowed region between the uterus and vagina
Has external and internal os

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20
Q

What is the cervical canal?

A

Canal in the cervix found between the internal and external os

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21
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus wall?

A

Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium

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22
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

Vascular, glandular layer where embryo gets implanted
Superficial to lumen

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23
Q

What is the myometrium?

A

Thickest layer of uterus, 3 smooth muscle sublayers (oblique, circular, longitudinal)

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24
Q

What is the perimetrium?

A

Thin, part of visceral peritoneum

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25
Q

What 2 sublayers make up the endometrium?

A

Stratum functionalis and Stratum basalis

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26
Q

What is the function of the Stratum functionalis?

A

Shed during menstruation, where oocyte implants once fertilized

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27
Q

What is the function of the Stratum basalis?

A

Form new functionalis layer during cycle

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28
Q

What epithelium is in the vagina?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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29
Q

What are the 6 ligaments in the female reproductive system?

A

Broad ligament
Ovarian ligaments
Suspensory ligaments
Round ligaments
Cardinal ligaments
Uterosacral ligaments

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30
Q

What is the broad ligament?

A

Sheet-like peritoneum that holds ovaries and uterine tubes in place

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31
Q

What does the ovarian ligaments do?

A

Holds ovaries to uterus

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32
Q

What do the suspensory ligaments do?

A

Hold ovaries to pelvic wall

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33
Q

What do the round ligaments do?

A

Hold uterus to labia majora

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34
Q

What do the cardinal ligaments do?

A

Hold cervix to pelvic wall

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35
Q

What do the uterosacral ligaments do?

A

Hold uterus to sacrum

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36
Q

What are the external genitalia of the female reproductive system?

A

Mons pubis
Labia majora
Labia minora
Clitoris
Vaginal orifice
Accessory glands

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37
Q

What is the name for all the external genitalia?

A

Vulva (or pudendum)

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38
Q

What is the mons pubis?

A

Adipose tissue covering pubic symphysis

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39
Q

What is the labia majora?

A

Thick folds of skin and adipose tissue
Lateral

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40
Q

What is the labia minora?

A

Thin folds medial to labia majora
Form prepuce

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41
Q

What is the prepuce?

A

fold/hood over the clitoris

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42
Q

What is the clitoris?

A

Primary center of sexual stimulation

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43
Q

What is the vaginal orifice?

A

Opening to vagina

44
Q

What are the female accessory glands?

A

Greater vestibular glands and paraurethral glands

45
Q

What makes up the vestibule (female)?

A

External urethral orifice and vaginal orifice

46
Q

What are the greater vestibular glands?

A

Accessory glands of the female reproductive system
Secrete fluid into lower vagina (especially for lubrication during intercourse)
Located on each side of the vagina

47
Q

What are the paraurethral glands?

A

Accessory glands of the female reproductive system
Secrete fluid into vestibule (more outer lubrication)
Located near external urethral orifice

48
Q

What are the 5 external structures of the breast & mammary glands?

A

Areola
Nipple
Lobules
Acini
Lobe

49
Q

What is the areola?

A

Darkened area surrounding nipple
Breast

50
Q

What is the nipple?

A

Raised structure at apex of breast

51
Q

What is a lobule in mammary gland?

A

Clusters of milk producing glands

52
Q

What is the acini in mammary glands?

A

Milk producing glands (many in each lobule)

53
Q

What is the lobe in mammary glands?

A

Group of several lobules, each one drained by a mammary duct

54
Q

What is the flow of milk?

A

Alveoli –> Mammary Duct –> Lactiferous Sinus –> Lactiferous Duct –> Nipple

55
Q

What are the ovaries?

A

Oocyte producer/storer
Releases oocytes once a month during ovulation during reproductive years

56
Q

What is a primordial follicle?

A

Ova follicles at birth
Oocyte at beginning of oogenesis
Very small
Congregated close to surface of ovary
Smaller circle inside is nucleus, larger circle is whole follicle

57
Q

What is a primary follicle?

A

2nd stage of oogenesis
Follicles become slightly larger
Surrounded by 1 layer of cuboidal cells

58
Q

What is a secondary follicle?

A

3rd step of oogenesis
Surrounded by 2-3 layers of cuboidal cells

59
Q

What is a tertiary follicle?

A

4th step of oogenesis
Surrounded by multiple layers of cuboidal cells
Has small antrum (fluid filled area in cell)

60
Q

What is a mature/graafian follicle?

A

5th step of oogenesis
Surrounded by multiple layers of cuboidal cells
Has large antrum that takes up >50% of follicle
Follicle ready to be released

61
Q

What are the functions of the male reproductive system?

A

Produce/store/transport sperm
Produce androgens
Production of testosterone

62
Q

What are the components of the male reproductive system?

A

Penis, testes, accessory glands, ducts

63
Q

What is the endocrine product of the male reproductive system?

A

Testosterone

64
Q

What is the exocrine product of the male reproductive sysyem?

A

Seminal fluid (Semen)

65
Q

What are the internal genitalia of the male reproductive system?

A

Testes, ducts, accessory glands

66
Q

What do the testes do?

A

Sperm production at 35C

67
Q

What are the ducts of the male reproductive system?

A

Channels for sperm flow

68
Q

What are the accessory glands of the male reproductive system?

A

Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands

69
Q

What are the external genitalia of the male reproductive system?

A

Scrotum
Penis

70
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

Sac of loose skin, muscle, fibrous connective tissues containing the testes

71
Q

What is the penis?

A

Copulatory organ used to deposit semen in vagina

72
Q

What are the 7 layers of the testes from superficial to deep?

A
  1. Scrotum
  2. Dartos muscle
  3. External spermatic fascia
  4. Cremaster muscle
  5. Internal spermatic fascia
  6. Tunica vaginalis
  7. Tunica albuginea
73
Q

What 6 parts make up the spermatic cord?

A

Cremaster muscle
Nerves
Testicular artery
Pampiniform plexus
Lymphatic vessels
Ductus deferens

74
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms for thermoregulation of the testes?

A
  1. Contraction/relaxation of cremaster muscle
  2. Contraction/relaxation of dartos muscle
  3. Pampiniform pelxus
75
Q

How does contraction/relaxation of the cremaster thermoregulate the testes?

A

Cremaster muscle moves testes closer to body to warm them
Cremaster muscles moves testes further from body to cool them

76
Q

How does contraction/relaxation of the dartos muscle thermoregulate the testes?

A

Dartos muscle wrinkles scrotum to decrease surface area, decreasing heat loss and keep testes warm
Dartos muscle smooths the scrotum to increase surface area, increasing heat loss and cool testes off

77
Q

How does the pampiniform plexus thermoregulate the testes?

A

A network of veins carrying blood from the testes
Absorbs heat from testicular artery before blood reaches the testes

78
Q

What are the 10 steps of sperm flow?

A
  1. Seminiferous tubule
  2. Rete testis
  3. Efferent ductules
  4. (Duct of the) epididymis
  5. Ductus deferens
  6. Ampulla of the ductus deferens
  7. Ejaculatory duct
  8. Prostatic urethra
  9. Membranous urethra
  10. Spongy urethra
79
Q

What is the seminiferous tubule?

A

Where sperm production occurs
Spermatogenesis

80
Q

What is the duct of the epididymis?

A

Where sperm are stored and mature

81
Q

What are the seminal vesicles?

A

Make 65% of sperm
Contain fructose (energy for sperm)
Have prostaglandins which aid in sperm transport

82
Q

What is the prostate gland?

A

Makes 25% of semen
Has proteolytic fluid that activates sperm

83
Q

What is the bulbourethreal (cowper’s) glands?

A

Makes 10% semen
Makes mucus to lubricate urethra and glans penis

84
Q

What is semen?

A

Fluid from the accessory glands (usually containing sperm)
Slightly alkaline to neutralize acidity in urethra and vagina

85
Q

What are the 3 parts of the penis?

A

Prepuce (foreskin)
Shaft
Glans

86
Q

What is the shaft of the penis?

A

Elongated externally visible portion

87
Q

What is the glans of the penis?

A

Expanded head at distal end of penis

88
Q

What are the 3 cylinders of erectile tissue in the penis?

A

2 corpora cavernosa (dorsal)
1 corpus spongiosum (ventral, houses spongy urethra)
Vasodilation causes enlargement and erection

89
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Production of gametes (Sex cells)
Consists of 2 cell divisions (meiosis 1 and 2)
Reduces chromosome number by half (daughter cells are haploid)

90
Q

What are spermatogonia/oogonia?

A

cells with 46 chromosomes, before meiosis

91
Q

What is a spermatozoa

A

Sperm cell

92
Q

What is ovulation?

A

When an oocyte is released from an ovary and ready for fertilization

93
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A single diploid cell (46 chromosomes) produced after the combination of an oocyte and spermatozoa

94
Q

Does oogenesis prioritize quality or quantity?

A

Quality

95
Q

Does spermatogenesis prioritize quality or quantity?

A

quantity

96
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Structures the develop differently in males and females but originate from the same embryonic tissue

97
Q

What is the homologous structure for ovaries?

A

testes

98
Q

What is the homologous structure for testes?

A

Ovaries

99
Q

What is the homologous structure for the clitoris?

A

Glans penis

100
Q

What is the homologous structure for the glans penis?

A

Clitoris

101
Q

What is the homologous structure for the greater vestibular glands?

A

bulbourethral glands

102
Q

What is the homologous structure for bulbourethral glands?

A

Greater vestibular glands

103
Q

What is the homologous structure for paraurethral galnds?

A

Prostate gland

104
Q

What is the homologous structure for the prostate gland?

A

Paraurethral glands

105
Q

What are the steps of oogenesis?

A

Primary oocyte completes meiosis Ovulation creates Secondary oocyte and 1st polar body at metaphase 2
Secondary oocyte and spermatazoa combine for fertilization
Creates zygote and second polar body

106
Q

What are the steps of spermatogenesis?

A

Spermatagonium becomes Primary spermatocyte and splits into 2 secondary spermatocytes
Those split into 2 spermatids (4 total)
When then become spermatozoa

PSIO 202 (12 decks)

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