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PSIO 202 > Endocrine Lab > Flashcards

Endocrine Lab Flashcards

1
Q

Tendency of living body to maintain relatively stable conditions in spite of changes in the external environment

A

Homeostasis

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2
Q

What is homeostasis also referred to as?

A

Dynamic steady state

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3
Q

Communication and coordination between cells to maintain homeostasis

A

Cell signaling

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4
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

produce and secrete hormones that regulate activity of cells and organs to maintain homeostasis

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5
Q

Secretes hormones into bloodstream

A

Endocrine

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6
Q

Secretes products through ducts to external environment

A

exocrine

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7
Q

The function of these hormones is to stimulate the production and secretion of hormones by targeting endocrine glands

A

Tropic hormones

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8
Q

Cell signaling: a cell targets a distant cell through the blood stream

A

Endocrine

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9
Q

Cell signaling: a cell targets a nearby cell

A

Paracrine

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10
Q

Cell signaling: a cell targets itself

A

Autocrine

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11
Q

Does endocrine or nervous system send faster signals?

A

nervous

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12
Q

Do nervous signaling or hormone effects have a longer duration of effect?

A

hormone effects

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13
Q

Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Thymus, Adrenal, Gonads, Pancreas

A

Endocrine glands

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14
Q

Which pituitary gland has glandular epithelial tissue?

A

anterior

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15
Q

Which pituitary gland has nervous tissue?

A

posterior

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16
Q

What hypothalamic hormones are stored in posterior pituitary gland?

A

OT and ADH

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17
Q

OT

A

oxytocin

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18
Q

ADH

A

anti-diuretic hormone

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19
Q

How is posterior pituitary gland connected to hypothalamus?

A

nerve axons

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20
Q

How is anterior pituitary gland connected to hypothalamus?

A

portal system

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21
Q

HGH

A

human growth hormone

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22
Q

TSH

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone

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23
Q

FSH

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

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24
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

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25
Q

PRL

A

prolactin

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26
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

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27
Q

MSH

A

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

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28
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland create and secrete?

A

HGH, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL, ACTH, MSH

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29
Q

Stimulates widespread tissue growth
Produced in anterior pituitary
targets most tissues, especially bone, skeletal muscle, liver, cartilage, fat

30
Q

Stimulates growth of thyroid gland and secretion of its hormones
Produced in anterior pituitary
Targets thyroid gland

31
Q

Stimulates sperm/oocyte production and estrogen secretion
Produced in anterior pituitary
Targets testes and ovaries

32
Q

Triggers ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males
Produced in anterior pituitary
Targets testes and ovaries

33
Q

Stimulates milk synthesis
Produced in anterior pituitary
Targets mammary glands

34
Q

Stimulates growth of adrenal cortex, secretion of glucocorticoids
Produced in anterior pituitary
Targets adrenal cortex

35
Q

Promotes water retention
Produced in hypothalamus
Stored in posterior pituitary
Targets kidneys

36
Q

Stimulates uterine contractions and milk release during suckling (birth)
Produced in hypothalamus
Stored in posterior pituitary
Targets uterus and mammary glands

37
Q

Secretes melatonin
Influences mood, sexual maturation, circadian rhythm
Targets other brain areas

A

Pineal gland

38
Q

secretes T3 & T4 (triiodothyronine and thyroxine)
Increases metabolic rate and heat production
Targets most tissues

A

Thyroid gland

39
Q

In the thyroid, C cells (parafollicular cells) secrete what hormone that targets osteoclasts in bone?
inhibits osteoclasts and deceases blood calcium levels

A

Calcitonin

40
Q

PTH

A

parathyroid hormone

41
Q

Secretes PTH
Stimulates osteoclasts, increasing blood calcium levels
Targets osteoclasts in bone

A

parathyroid glands

42
Q

Anterior to heart and undergoes involution
Secretes thymosin
Stimulates T lymphoocyte development and activity
Targets T cells

43
Q

What gland is divided into cortex and medulla?

A

adrenal gland

44
Q

Which division of the adrenal gland is divided into 3 zonas and has glandular tissue?

A

Adrenal cortex

45
Q

Which division of the adrenal gland has nervous tissue and is directly innervated by the nervous system?

A

Adrenal medulla

46
Q

What zona of the adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone and mineralcorticoids? (outermost)

A

Zona glomerulsa

47
Q

What zona of the adrenal cortex secretes cortisol and glucocorticoids? (middle)

A

Zona fasciculata

48
Q

What zona of the adrenal cortex secretes DHEA and androgens? (deepest)

A

Zona reticularis

49
Q

What hormones/neurotransmitters does the adrenal medulla secrete?

50
Q

Most superficial
Secretes aldosterone (mineralocorticoids)
Targets Kidneys
Increases sodium and water reabsorption (prevent Na/H2O excretion in urine); maintains blood pressure and volume

A

Zona glomerulosa

51
Q

Secretes cortisol (glucocorticoid)
Targets most tissues of the body
Promotes stress resistance, stimulates fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, tissue repair

A

Zona fasciculata

52
Q

Most deep
Secretes androgens like dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Targets many tissues of the body
Indirectly promotes growth of bones, pubic/axillary hair, apocrine glands; stimulates libido

A

Zona reticularis

53
Q

Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
Targets almost all tissues
Promotes fight or flight responses

A

Adrenal medulla

54
Q

A neuroendocrine tumor that affects medulla
Grows from chromaffin cells in medulla
Symptoms: high blood pressure, headache, sweating, symptoms of panic attack
Results in high adrenaline

A

Pheochromocytoma

55
Q

Produce endocrine and exocrine products
Made in ovaries
Targets uterus, mammary glands, and other tissues
Stimulates female reproductive cycle, regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy

56
Q

Made in ovaries
exocrine hormone
Targets uterus and mammary glands
Regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy
Exocrine product is an egg

A

Progesterone

57
Q

Male reproductive gonads
Produce endocrine and exocrine products

58
Q

Targets testes, muscles, and other tissues
Stimulates male reproductive development, sperm production, and libido
exocrine product is sperm

A

Testosterone

59
Q

What are the endocrine products of the pancreas?

A

insulin and glucagon

60
Q

What are the exocrine products of the pancreas?

A

Digestive enzymes

61
Q

Produced by alpha cells in Islet of Langerhans in pancreas
Targets liver
Stimulates breakdown of glycogen to glucose in liver and increases blood glucose

62
Q

Produced by beta cells in Islet of Langerhans in pancreas
Targets most tissues
Decreases blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake

63
Q

What is the system of assigning a number to carbohydrate-containing foods according to how much each food increases blood sugar

A

Glycemic index

64
Q

What does a lower GI value mean?

A

slower carbohydrate

65
Q

What is a low GI value?

A

less than 55

66
Q

What is a medium GI value?

67
Q

What is a high GI value?

A

greater than 70

68
Q

What is the purpose of feedback loops?

A

to maintain homeostasis

69
Q

feedback loop that brings a system closer to a target of stability
product of a reaction leads to a decrease in that reaction

A

negative feedback loop

70
Q

feedback loop that moves a system further away from the target of equilibrium
product of a reaction leads to an increase in that reaction
leads to a massive response
stopped by getting rid of stimulus via external force

A

positive feedback loop

PSIO 202 (12 decks)

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