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PSIO 202 > Endocrine Lab > Flashcards

Endocrine Lab Flashcards

1
Q

Tendency of living body to maintain relatively stable conditions in spite of changes in the external environment

A

Homeostasis

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2
Q

What is homeostasis also referred to as?

A

Dynamic steady state

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3
Q

Communication and coordination between cells to maintain homeostasis

A

Cell signaling

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4
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

produce and secrete hormones that regulate activity of cells and organs to maintain homeostasis

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5
Q

Secretes hormones into bloodstream

A

Endocrine

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6
Q

Secretes products through ducts to external environment

A

exocrine

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7
Q

The function of these hormones is to stimulate the production and secretion of hormones by targeting endocrine glands

A

Tropic hormones

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8
Q

Cell signaling: a cell targets a distant cell through the blood stream

A

Endocrine

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9
Q

Cell signaling: a cell targets a nearby cell

A

Paracrine

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10
Q

Cell signaling: a cell targets itself

A

Autocrine

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11
Q

Does endocrine or nervous system send faster signals?

A

nervous

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12
Q

Do nervous signaling or hormone effects have a longer duration of effect?

A

hormone effects

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13
Q

Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Thymus, Adrenal, Gonads, Pancreas

A

Endocrine glands

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14
Q

Which pituitary gland has glandular epithelial tissue?

A

anterior

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15
Q

Which pituitary gland has nervous tissue?

A

posterior

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16
Q

What hypothalamic hormones are stored in posterior pituitary gland?

A

OT and ADH

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17
Q

OT

A

oxytocin

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18
Q

ADH

A

anti-diuretic hormone

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19
Q

How is posterior pituitary gland connected to hypothalamus?

A

nerve axons

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20
Q

How is anterior pituitary gland connected to hypothalamus?

A

portal system

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21
Q

HGH

A

human growth hormone

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22
Q

TSH

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone

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23
Q

FSH

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

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24
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

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25
PRL
prolactin
26
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
27
MSH
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
28
What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland create and secrete?
HGH, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL, ACTH, MSH
29
Stimulates widespread tissue growth Produced in anterior pituitary targets most tissues, especially bone, skeletal muscle, liver, cartilage, fat
HGH
30
Stimulates growth of thyroid gland and secretion of its hormones Produced in anterior pituitary Targets thyroid gland
TSH
31
Stimulates sperm/oocyte production and estrogen secretion Produced in anterior pituitary Targets testes and ovaries
FSH
32
Triggers ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males Produced in anterior pituitary Targets testes and ovaries
LH
33
Stimulates milk synthesis Produced in anterior pituitary Targets mammary glands
PRL
34
Stimulates growth of adrenal cortex, secretion of glucocorticoids Produced in anterior pituitary Targets adrenal cortex
ACTH
35
Promotes water retention Produced in hypothalamus Stored in posterior pituitary Targets kidneys
ADH
36
Stimulates uterine contractions and milk release during suckling (birth) Produced in hypothalamus Stored in posterior pituitary Targets uterus and mammary glands
OT
37
Secretes melatonin Influences mood, sexual maturation, circadian rhythm Targets other brain areas
Pineal gland
38
secretes T3 & T4 (triiodothyronine and thyroxine) Increases metabolic rate and heat production Targets most tissues
Thyroid gland
39
In the thyroid, C cells (parafollicular cells) secrete what hormone that targets osteoclasts in bone? inhibits osteoclasts and deceases blood calcium levels
Calcitonin
40
PTH
parathyroid hormone
41
Secretes PTH Stimulates osteoclasts, increasing blood calcium levels Targets osteoclasts in bone
parathyroid glands
42
Anterior to heart and undergoes involution Secretes thymosin Stimulates T lymphoocyte development and activity Targets T cells
thymus
43
What gland is divided into cortex and medulla?
adrenal gland
44
Which division of the adrenal gland is divided into 3 zonas and has glandular tissue?
Adrenal cortex
45
Which division of the adrenal gland has nervous tissue and is directly innervated by the nervous system?
Adrenal medulla
46
What zona of the adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone and mineralcorticoids? (outermost)
Zona glomerulsa
47
What zona of the adrenal cortex secretes cortisol and glucocorticoids? (middle)
Zona fasciculata
48
What zona of the adrenal cortex secretes DHEA and androgens? (deepest)
Zona reticularis
49
What hormones/neurotransmitters does the adrenal medulla secrete?
E and NE
50
Most superficial Secretes aldosterone (mineralocorticoids) Targets Kidneys Increases sodium and water reabsorption (prevent Na/H2O excretion in urine); maintains blood pressure and volume
Zona glomerulosa
51
Secretes cortisol (glucocorticoid) Targets most tissues of the body Promotes stress resistance, stimulates fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, tissue repair
Zona fasciculata
52
Most deep Secretes androgens like dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Targets many tissues of the body Indirectly promotes growth of bones, pubic/axillary hair, apocrine glands; stimulates libido
Zona reticularis
53
Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine Targets almost all tissues Promotes fight or flight responses
Adrenal medulla
54
A neuroendocrine tumor that affects medulla Grows from chromaffin cells in medulla Symptoms: high blood pressure, headache, sweating, symptoms of panic attack Results in high adrenaline
Pheochromocytoma
55
Produce endocrine and exocrine products Made in ovaries Targets uterus, mammary glands, and other tissues Stimulates female reproductive cycle, regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy
Estradiol
56
Made in ovaries exocrine hormone Targets uterus and mammary glands Regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy Exocrine product is an egg
Progesterone
57
Male reproductive gonads Produce endocrine and exocrine products
Testes
58
Targets testes, muscles, and other tissues Stimulates male reproductive development, sperm production, and libido exocrine product is sperm
Testosterone
59
What are the endocrine products of the pancreas?
insulin and glucagon
60
What are the exocrine products of the pancreas?
Digestive enzymes
61
Produced by alpha cells in Islet of Langerhans in pancreas Targets liver Stimulates breakdown of glycogen to glucose in liver and increases blood glucose
Glucagon
62
Produced by beta cells in Islet of Langerhans in pancreas Targets most tissues Decreases blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake
Insulin
63
What is the system of assigning a number to carbohydrate-containing foods according to how much each food increases blood sugar
Glycemic index
64
What does a lower GI value mean?
slower carbohydrate
65
What is a low GI value?
less than 55
66
What is a medium GI value?
56-69
67
What is a high GI value?
greater than 70
68
What is the purpose of feedback loops?
to maintain homeostasis
69
feedback loop that brings a system closer to a target of stability product of a reaction leads to a decrease in that reaction
negative feedback loop
70
feedback loop that moves a system further away from the target of equilibrium product of a reaction leads to an increase in that reaction leads to a massive response stopped by getting rid of stimulus via external force
positive feedback loop

PSIO 202 (12 decks)

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