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Urinary system > Urinary incontinence > Flashcards

Urinary incontinence Flashcards

1
Q

How does a spinal cord transection above T12 affect sensation of the bladder?

A

No sensation of bladder

because sensory nerve fibres running up to brain have been transected

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2
Q

How does a spinal cord transection above T12 affect the external urethral sphincter?

A

Constantly relaxed

because somatic nerve fibres running down the spinal cord have been transected

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3
Q

How does a spinal cord transection above T12 affect the micturition reflex?

A

Over functioning
because parasympathetic nerve fibres below are still intact
and they have lost their inhibitory nerve fibres
micturition reflex occurs after small filling and stretch of bladder

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4
Q

How does a spinal cord transection below T12 affect the sensation of the bladder?

A

No sensation of bladder

because sensory nerve fibres running up to brain have been transected

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5
Q

How does a spinal cord transection below T12 affect the micturition reflex?

A

Stops functioning

because parasympathetic fibres have been transected

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6
Q

What is a lower urinary tract symptom?

A

Clinical symptoms to do with the bladder, urethral sphincters, urethra
and in men, the prostate gland

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7
Q

What are the different types of lower urinary tract symptoms?

A

Symptoms to do with

  • storage of urine
  • micturition
  • post-micturition
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8
Q

What are the lower urinary tract symptoms to do with storage of urine?

A

Frequency of urination

Urgency of urination

Incontinence

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9
Q

What are the lower urinary tract symptoms to do with micturition?

A

Slow stream

Spraying

Intermittency

Hesitancy

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10
Q

What are the lower urinary tract symptoms to do with

A

Post-micturition dribble

Feeling of incomplete emptying

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11
Q

What is urinary incontinence?

A

Involuntary leakage of urine

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12
Q

What are the types of urinary incontinence?

A

Stress

Urge

Mixed

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13
Q

What is stress urinary incontinence?

A

Involuntary leakage of urine on exertion e.g. sneezing or coughing

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14
Q

What is urge urinary incontinence?

A

Involuntary leakage of urine with proceeding urgency of urination

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15
Q

What is mixed urinary incontinence?

A

Both stress and urge urinary incontinence

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16
Q

What are the different types of urinary incontinence in order of how common they are?

A

Stress

Mixed

Urge

17
Q

What are the risk factors of urinary incontinence?

A

Age

Obesity

Pregnancy and childbirth

Pelvic surgery

18
Q

How does obesity increase risk of urinary incontinence?

A

Increases intra-abdominal pressure

19
Q

What is overactive bladder?

A

Frequent urge to urinate

21
Q

How does overactive bladder relate to incontinence?

A

Urge urinary incontinence and mixed urinary incontinence are combinations of both overactive bladder and urinary incontinence

21
Q

Is overactive bladder or urinary incontinence more common?

A

Overactive bladder

22
Q

What drugs are given to treat stress urinary inconctinence?

A

Duloxetine

23
Q

How does duloxetine work?

A

Inhibits uptake of noradrenaline by neurone endings

24
Q

How does duloxetine treat stress urinary incontinence?

A

Increases activity of external urethral sphincter during filling phase

25
Q

What drugs are given to treat urge urinary incontinence?

A

Anticholinergics e.g. oxybutynin

B3 adrenoceptor agonist e.g. mirabegron

26
Q

How do anticholinergics treat urge urinary incontinence?

A

Reduce parasympathetic stimulation of bladder detrusor muscle
reduce contraction of bladder detrusor muscle

27
Q

How do B3 adrenoceptor agonists treat urge urinary incontinence?

A

Mimic sympathetic stimulation of bladder detrusor muscle

increase relaxation of bladder detrusor muscle

28
Q

What are the side effects of anticholinergics?

A

Act on muscarinic receptors elsewhere in the body
e.g. M1,M3 in salivary glands, gives dry mouth
M2 in heart, gives increased heart rate

Urinary system (25 decks)

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