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Urinary system > Development of the urinary system > Flashcards

Development of the urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

What germ layer contributes to the development of the kidney?

A

Mesoderm

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2
Q

What part of the mesoderm contributes to the development of the kidney?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

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3
Q

What part of the intermediate mesoderm contributes to the development of the kidney?

A

Urogenital ridge

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4
Q

How many kidney systems form during the development of the urinary system?

A

Three

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5
Q

What are the different kidney systems that form during the development of the urinary system?

A

Pronephros

Mesonephros

Metanephros

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6
Q

Where in the foetus does the pronephros appear?

A

In the cervical region

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7
Q

What is the function of the pronephros?

A

Has no function itself

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the development of the pronephros?

A

To produce the pronephric duct

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9
Q

Where does the pronephric duct extend from and to?

A

Cervical region

to the cloaca

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10
Q

What is the function of the pronephric duct?

A

Drives the development of the mesonephros

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11
Q

Where in the foetus does the mesonephros appear?

A

Caudal to the pronephros

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12
Q

How does the mesonephros develop?

A

Mesonephric tubules form

together with the mesonephric duct make up the mesonephros

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13
Q

What is the function of the mesonephros?

A

Produces urine

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14
Q

What drains the urine from the mesonephros?

A

Mesonephric duct

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15
Q

What does the mesonephric duct drain urine into?

A

Urogenital sinus

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16
Q

What are the other functions of the mesonephric duct, aside from draining urine from the mesonephros?

A

Ureteric bud sprouts from the mesonephric duct

Role in development of male reproductive system

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17
Q

Where in the foetus does the ureteric bud appear?

A

Caudal to the mesonephros

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18
Q

What is the function of the ureteric bud?

A

Grows and branches
Comes into contact with metanephric blastema
Stimulates the metanephric blastema to differentiate into the metanephros

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19
Q

Where is the metanephric blastema located?

A

Caudal to the mesonephros

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20
Q

What is metanephric blastema made up of?

A

Undifferentiated intermediate mesoderm

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21
Q

What part of the metanephros does the ureteric bud form?

A

Collecting system

  • minor calyces
  • major calyces
  • renal pelvis
  • ureter
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22
Q

What part of the metanephros does the metanephric blastema form?

A

Excretory system

-nephrons

23
Q

Where in the foetus does the metanephros appear?

A

Pelvic area

24
Q

Where does the metanephros migrate to in the foetus?

A

Posterior abdominal area

25
Q

How does the metanephros migrate from the pelvic area to the posterior abdominal area?

A

This is mostly due to the lengthening of the trunk of the foetus
partly due to true movement of metanephros in caudal to cranial direction

26
Q

What does the metanephros cross over during its migration from the pelvic area to the posterior abdominal area?

A

Umbilical artery

27
Q

How does the blood supply of the metanephros change as it migrates from the pelvic area to the posterior abdominal area?

A

Recieves new arterial branches from the aorta as it moves upwards

28
Q

What happens to the old arterial branches from the aorta that supplied the metanephros?

A

Disappear

occasionally remain

29
Q

What are accessory renal arteries?

A

Remnants of the old arterial branches from the aorta that supplied the metanephros

30
Q

What is the significance of the blood supply of acessory renal arteries to the kidneys?

A

They are end arteries

meaning they are the only blood supply to that region of tissue

31
Q

What are some developmental defects caused by abnormal migration of the metanephros?

A

Pelvic kidney

Horseshoe kidney

32
Q

What is a pelvic kidney?

A

Kidney located in the pelvis instead of the posterior abdominal area

33
Q

What is the cause of a pelvic kidney?

A

Metanephros failed to migrate upwards

because it got caught on the umbilical artery

34
Q

What is a horseshoe kidney?

A

Inferior poles of kidneys are fused

fused part is caught under the inferior mesenteric arteries

35
Q

What is the cause of a horseshoe kidney?

A

Both metanephros move towards the midline to avoid the umbilical arteries during their migration upwards
move too close to each other and fuse at their inferior poles
fused part gets caught under inferior mesenteric artery during their migration upwards

36
Q

What is renal agenesis?

A

Kidney failed to develop

37
Q

What is the cause of renal agenesis?

A

Ureteric bud fails to successfully interact with metanephric blastema

38
Q

What can splitting of the ureteric bud lead to?

A

Duplication of a ureter

Duplication of parts of kidney, or whole kidney

39
Q

What can duplication of a ureter lead to?

A

Ectopic ureteral orifice

40
Q

What is an ectopic ureteral orifice?

A

Ureter opens up into an abnormal site, not the urinary bladder as normal

41
Q

What is the main symptom of an ectopic ureteral orifice? Why?

A

Urinary incontinence

because the sphincters do not control the passage of urine through it

42
Q

What is the first opening of the urinary tract? What drains into this?

A

Cloaca

the pronephric duct

43
Q

What is the second opening of the urinary tract? What drains into this?

A

Urogenital sinus

the mesonephric duct

44
Q

How is the urogenital sinus formed?

A

Urorectal septum divides the cloaca into two compartments

the urogenital sinus is the anterior compartment

45
Q

What happens to the urachus?

A

Closes up

46
Q

What is the remnant of the urachus?

A

Median umbilical ligament

47
Q

What does the urogenital sinus develop into?

A

Superior part develops into the urinary bladder

Inferior part develops into the urethra

48
Q

What does the ureter drain into during development?

A

Initially it drains into the urogenital sinus

But as the urinary bladder develops, it drains into the urinary bladder

49
Q

How does the female urethra develop?

A

From the inferior part of the urogenital sinus

50
Q

How does the male urethra develop?

A

The mesonephric ducts run through the bladder and prostate gland
forming the prostatic urethra

The opening of the urogenital sinus is surrounded by genital folds
which fuse together to form the spongey urethra

51
Q

What is hypospadias?

A

Urethra opens at the ventral surface of the penis

rather than at the tip of the head of the penis

52
Q

What is the cause of hypospadias?

A

Defect in fusion of genital folds

53
Q

What part of the kidney do accessory renal arteries supply?

A

Inferior part of kidney

Urinary system (25 decks)

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