Anatomy and functions of kidneys

Question 1

What are the different parts of a kidney?

Answer 1

Renal capsule

Renal cortex

Renal medulla

Renal pelvis

Question 2

What is the renal capsule?

Answer 2

Fibrous connective tissue surrounding the kidney

Question 3

What is the function of the renal capsule?

Answer 3

To protect the kidneys

Question 4

What is the renal cortex?

Answer 4

Outer region of kidney

Question 5

What is the renal medulla?

Answer 5

Inner region of kidney

Question 6

What does the renal medulla contain?

Answer 6

8-10 renal pyramids

Question 7

Where do the renal pyramids extend from and to?

Answer 7

Base of renal pyramid is from border between cortex and medulla

Apex of pyramid joins to minor calyx

Question 8

What is the apex of the renal pyramids called?

Answer 8

Papilla

Question 9

What is a renal lobe?

Answer 9

Renal pyramid and the adjacent cortex

Question 10

What is the renal pelvis made up of?

Answer 10

Multiple major calyces joining together

Question 11

What is a major calyx made up of?

Answer 11

Multiple minor calyces joining together

Question 12

What comes after the renal hilum?

Answer 12

Renal sinus

Question 13

What is the renal sinus?

Answer 13

Opening in kidney where neurovascular structures and renal pelvis enter and leave the kidney

Question 14

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 14

Nephron

Question 15

What are the different parts of a nephron?

Answer 15

Glomerulus

Tubule

Question 16

What part of the kidney is the glomerulus located in?

Answer 16

Renal cortex

Question 17

What is a glomerulus?

Answer 17

A tuft of glomerular capillaries

Question 18

What surrounds the glomerulus?

Answer 18

Bowman’s capsule

Question 18

What do the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule together form?

Answer 18

Renal corpuscle

Question 20

What are the parts of a tubule of a nephron?

Answer 20

Proximal convoluted tubule

Loop of henle

Distal convolued tubule

Collecting duct that is shared with other nephrons

Question 21

What part of the kidney is the proximal tubule located in?

Answer 21

Renal cortex

Question 22

What are the different parts of the loop of Henle?

Answer 22

Descending limb

Ascending limb

Question 23

What are the different parts of the ascending limb?

Answer 23

Proximal part is the thin ascending limb

Distal part is the thick ascending limb

Question 24

What is the difference between the thin ascending limb and the thick ascending limb?

Answer 24

Thin ascending limb has a thinner wall, larger lumen

Thick ascending limb has a thicker wall, smaller lumen

Question 25

What part of the kidney is the loop of Henle located in?

Answer 25

Renal cortex Renal medulla

Question 26

What part of the kidney is the distal tubule located in?

Answer 26

Renal cortex | adjacent to glomerulus

Question 27

What does the distal convoluted tubule contain?

Answer 27

Macula densa

Question 28

What is the macula densa?

Answer 28

Group of specialised epithelial cells in wall of distal part of thick ascending limb

Question 29

What part of the kidney are the collecting ducts located in?

Answer 29

Renal medulla

Question 30

What do the collecting ducts empty into?

Answer 30

Minor calyces

Question 31

How many types of nephrons are there?

Answer 31

Two

Question 32

What are the two types of nephron?

Answer 32

Cortical nephron Juxtamedullary nephron

Question 33

What are the factors that differentiate cortical nephrons from juxtamedullary nephrons?

Answer 33

Part of cortex they're located in Size of glomerulus Length of loop of Henle How deep the loop of Henle is in the medulla Blood supply of loop of Henle Sympathetic nerve innervation

Question 34

Where are cortical nephrons located? Where are the juxtamedullary nephrons located?

Answer 34

Outer part of cortex Inner part of cortex, adjacent to medulla

Question 35

What are the relative sizes of the glomeruli of the cortical nephrons and the juxtamedullary nephrons?

Answer 35

Cortical nephrons have smaller glomeruli Juxtamedullary nephrons have larger glomeruli

Question 36

How long is the loop of Henle in cortical nephrons? How long is it in juxtamedullary nephrons?

Answer 36

In cortical nephrons, the loop of Henle is short In juxtamedullary nephrons, the loop of Henle is long

Question 37

Where does the loop of Henle travel in cortical nephrons? Where does it travel in juxtamedullary nephrons?

Answer 37

In cortical nephrons, the loop of Henle just dips into the medulla In juxtamedullary nephrons, the loop of Henle penetrate deeply into the medulla

Question 38

What is the blood supply of the loop of Henle in cortical nephrons? What is it in juxtamedullary nephrons?

Answer 38

Cortical nephrons loop of Henle are supplied by peritubular capillaries Juxtamedullary nephrons loop of Henle are supplied by vasa recta

Question 39

What are vasa recta?

Answer 39

Capillaries that lie side by side with the loop of Henle's descending and ascending limbs

Question 39

Are cortical nephrons or juxtamedullary nephrons more common in the kidney?

Answer 39

Cortical nephrons are much more common

Question 41

Do cortical nephrons or juxtamedullary nephrons receive more sympathetic nerve innervation?

Answer 41

Cortical nephrons receive more sympathetic nerve innervation

Question 42

What shape are the kidneys?

Answer 42

Bean-shaped

Question 43

What are the basic functions of the kidneys?

Answer 43

Excretion of waste, drugs Regulation of water, electrolytes Regulation of blood pressure Regulation of acid-base balance Endocrine functions

Question 44

What are some examples of waste products excreted by the kidneys?

Answer 44

Urea Creatinine Bilirubin

Question 45

What are some examples of hormones produced by the kidneys?

Answer 45

Erythropoietin 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D