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Urinary system > Anatomy and functions of kidneys > Flashcards

Anatomy and functions of kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different parts of a kidney?

A

Renal capsule

Renal cortex

Renal medulla

Renal pelvis

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2
Q

What is the renal capsule?

A

Fibrous connective tissue surrounding the kidney

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3
Q

What is the function of the renal capsule?

A

To protect the kidneys

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4
Q

What is the renal cortex?

A

Outer region of kidney

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5
Q

What is the renal medulla?

A

Inner region of kidney

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6
Q

What does the renal medulla contain?

A

8-10 renal pyramids

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7
Q

Where do the renal pyramids extend from and to?

A

Base of renal pyramid is from border between cortex and medulla

Apex of pyramid joins to minor calyx

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8
Q

What is the apex of the renal pyramids called?

A

Papilla

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9
Q

What is a renal lobe?

A

Renal pyramid and the adjacent cortex

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10
Q

What is the renal pelvis made up of?

A

Multiple major calyces joining together

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11
Q

What is a major calyx made up of?

A

Multiple minor calyces joining together

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12
Q

What comes after the renal hilum?

A

Renal sinus

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13
Q

What is the renal sinus?

A

Opening in kidney where neurovascular structures and renal pelvis enter and leave the kidney

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14
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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15
Q

What are the different parts of a nephron?

A

Glomerulus

Tubule

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16
Q

What part of the kidney is the glomerulus located in?

A

Renal cortex

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17
Q

What is a glomerulus?

A

A tuft of glomerular capillaries

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18
Q

What surrounds the glomerulus?

A

Bowman’s capsule

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18
Q

What do the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule together form?

A

Renal corpuscle

20
Q

What are the parts of a tubule of a nephron?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

Loop of henle

Distal convolued tubule

Collecting duct that is shared with other nephrons

21
Q

What part of the kidney is the proximal tubule located in?

A

Renal cortex

22
Q

What are the different parts of the loop of Henle?

A

Descending limb

Ascending limb

23
Q

What are the different parts of the ascending limb?

A

Proximal part is the thin ascending limb

Distal part is the thick ascending limb

24
Q

What is the difference between the thin ascending limb and the thick ascending limb?

A

Thin ascending limb has a thinner wall, larger lumen

Thick ascending limb has a thicker wall, smaller lumen

25
Q

What part of the kidney is the loop of Henle located in?

A

Renal cortex

Renal medulla

26
Q

What part of the kidney is the distal tubule located in?

A

Renal cortex

adjacent to glomerulus

27
Q

What does the distal convoluted tubule contain?

A

Macula densa

28
Q

What is the macula densa?

A

Group of specialised epithelial cells in wall of distal part of thick ascending limb

29
Q

What part of the kidney are the collecting ducts located in?

A

Renal medulla

30
Q

What do the collecting ducts empty into?

A

Minor calyces

31
Q

How many types of nephrons are there?

A

Two

32
Q

What are the two types of nephron?

A

Cortical nephron

Juxtamedullary nephron

33
Q

What are the factors that differentiate cortical nephrons from juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Part of cortex they’re located in

Size of glomerulus

Length of loop of Henle

How deep the loop of Henle is in the medulla

Blood supply of loop of Henle

Sympathetic nerve innervation

34
Q

Where are cortical nephrons located? Where are the juxtamedullary nephrons located?

A

Outer part of cortex

Inner part of cortex, adjacent to medulla

35
Q

What are the relative sizes of the glomeruli of the cortical nephrons and the juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Cortical nephrons have smaller glomeruli

Juxtamedullary nephrons have larger glomeruli

36
Q

How long is the loop of Henle in cortical nephrons? How long is it in juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

In cortical nephrons, the loop of Henle is short

In juxtamedullary nephrons, the loop of Henle is long

37
Q

Where does the loop of Henle travel in cortical nephrons? Where does it travel in juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

In cortical nephrons, the loop of Henle just dips into the medulla

In juxtamedullary nephrons, the loop of Henle penetrate deeply into the medulla

38
Q

What is the blood supply of the loop of Henle in cortical nephrons? What is it in juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Cortical nephrons loop of Henle are supplied by peritubular capillaries

Juxtamedullary nephrons loop of Henle are supplied by vasa recta

39
Q

What are vasa recta?

A

Capillaries that lie side by side with the loop of Henle’s descending and ascending limbs

39
Q

Are cortical nephrons or juxtamedullary nephrons more common in the kidney?

A

Cortical nephrons are much more common

41
Q

Do cortical nephrons or juxtamedullary nephrons receive more sympathetic nerve innervation?

A

Cortical nephrons receive more sympathetic nerve innervation

42
Q

What shape are the kidneys?

A

Bean-shaped

43
Q

What are the basic functions of the kidneys?

A

Excretion of waste, drugs

Regulation of water, electrolytes

Regulation of blood pressure

Regulation of acid-base balance

Endocrine functions

44
Q

What are some examples of waste products excreted by the kidneys?

A

Urea

Creatinine

Bilirubin

45
Q

What are some examples of hormones produced by the kidneys?

A

Erythropoietin

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

Urinary system (25 decks)

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