Space where everything enters/exits the kidney - artery in - vein/ureter out

- Cortex: outer layer - Medulla: inner layer - Pelvis: collecting space for fluids/urine to then enter the ureter --> immediately continuous with the ureter, NOT the urethra!

Urinary Flashcards by Kara Majors

Renal system

Homeostasis

- Endocrine

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Mammals/birds/marine fish

Concentration of nitrogenous waste = water conservation for osmosis

salt water fist are hypotonic compared to their environment, so they are losing water
fresh water fish are hypertonic to environment

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How does the urinary system contribute to homeostasis?

water
acid/base
ions: Na, K, Po4, Cl, etc

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Urinary + endocrine system

erythropoietin
renin (NOT rennin)
vitamin D

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Organs of the urinary system

kidneys (usually paired)
ureters
bladder
urethra
cloaca (for some)

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Components of the kidney

capsule
parenchyma
ureter

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Retroperioneal

Capsule on the outside is not apart of the peritoneum

- restricts its ability to swell

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Hilus

Space where everything enters/exits the kidney

artery in
vein/ureter out

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Parenchyma

Cortex: outer layer
Medulla: inner layer
Pelvis: collecting space for fluids/urine to then enter the ureter –> immediately continuous with the ureter, NOT the urethra!

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Corticomedullary junction

Place where the cortex meets the medulla

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Nephron

Structural and functional unit
Renal corpuscle and tubular system
- glomerulus
- proximal convoluted tubule
- loop of henle
- distal convoluted tubule

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Loop of Henle

Extends into the medulla, and reenters the cortex as the distal convoluted tubule

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Is the collecting duct part of the nephron?

No, because one collecting duct serves multiple nephrons

- will not be able to see with a light microscope

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Lobes of the kidney and pyramid

Most embryologic

some retained in maturity
cattle have multiple lobes

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Medullary rays

Comparable to lobules

- way to separate parenchyma anatomically

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Lobule

Collecting duct + nephrons

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Renal Cortex structures

renal corpuscles (glomeruli)
proximal convoluted tubules
distal convoluted tubules
collecting tubules
interstitium
vessels

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Where are glomuerli found?

Only can be found in the cortex

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Salt concentration is ______ in the medulla

Higher, so water in the tubule gets sucked into the medulla to be saved

Glomerulus

Capillary tuft
Basement membrane
Podocytes
Bowman’s capsule
Mesangium

Where does blood filtration occur?

Renal corpuscle (glomerulus)

What is the only place in the body where an arteriole breaks into a capillary and reforms as an arteriole?

Renal corpuscle

What is the barrier between the blood and urinary space?

Glomerulus basement membrane

What are the main filtrating cells?

Podocytes

- interdigitate around capillary walls

Bowman's capsule

Portion of renal system that surrounds capillary tuft

Mesangium

Highly eosinophilic in the capillary tuft | - holds the blood vessels of the capillary

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

- portion of the distal convoluted tubule - macula densa - juxtaglomerular cells - extraglomerular mesangial cells

Macula densa

Monitors sodium concentration in the fluid in the tubule | * fluid is not urine until it drops into the renal pelvis and is taken into the bladder

Modified smooth muscle

Muscle knows to contract or relax based on sodium concentration

Where is modified smooth muscle found?

Juxtaglomerular cells

Proximal convoluted tubule

- cuboidal, "brush border" lined by microvili - tight junctions: want a water tight barrier - very active (mitochondria), basal striations - responsible for modifying fluid in the tubules - modify ultrafiltrate (proteins, glucose) - make up a large portion of the cortex

Loop of Henle

- long limb/short limb - thin/thick segment - type 1-4 - squamous to cuboidal - highly permeable - microvili, organelles

Medullary washout

If an animal drinks too much water, then the sodium concentration is washed out of the kidney and you lose water retention

Long limb

Animals that are in water deprived environments | - kangaroo rats, cats

Short limb

Beavers, animals in water excess environments

Distal convoluted tubule

- Na (save) and K (clear) | - HCO3 (save) and NH4 (clear)

What is in the cortex?

Glomeruli, proximal tubules, distal tubules, and some segments of collecting tubules

Collecting tubules

- light cells/dark cells - single cilia, variable microvilli - some cells have a single cilia, others have microvili

Medulla

- Henle/collecting tubules --> high solute concentration in the interstitium - Vasa Recta --> specialized capillaries that save extracted water

When is fluid considered to be urine?

Only when fluid enters the renal pelvis is it considered urine - as long as you change the chemical concentration, it is not considered urine

Renal pelvis

Can observe greatly | - renal pelvis outward is covered in transitional epithelium

Blood supply and lymphatics

- renal artery and vein (25% Cardiac Output) | - arcuate vessels

What follows heart failure

Renal failure

Ureters/bladder/urethra

Transitional epithelium | - anatomic and gender differences

Arcuate vessels

Renal artery branches into these vessels --> serve wedge shaped portion of renal cortex - reason for renal infarcs at the corticomedullary junction

Female cattle

Urethra enters into the ventral floor of the vagina (short)

Male cattle

Longer urethra - sigmoid flexure: allows for difficulty when passing a catheter - less prone to UTIs due to longer distance