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MSU-CVM Histology > Urinary > Flashcards

Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

Renal system

A
  • Homeostasis

- Endocrine

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2
Q

Mammals/birds/marine fish

A

Concentration of nitrogenous waste = water conservation for osmosis

  • salt water fist are hypotonic compared to their environment, so they are losing water
  • fresh water fish are hypertonic to environment
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3
Q

How does the urinary system contribute to homeostasis?

A
  • water
  • acid/base
  • ions: Na, K, Po4, Cl, etc
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4
Q

Urinary + endocrine system

A
  • erythropoietin
  • renin (NOT rennin)
  • vitamin D
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5
Q

Organs of the urinary system

A
  • kidneys (usually paired)
  • ureters
  • bladder
  • urethra
  • cloaca (for some)
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6
Q

Components of the kidney

A
  • capsule
  • parenchyma
  • ureter
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7
Q

Retroperioneal

A

Capsule on the outside is not apart of the peritoneum

- restricts its ability to swell

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8
Q

Hilus

A

Space where everything enters/exits the kidney

  • artery in
  • vein/ureter out
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9
Q

Parenchyma

A
  • Cortex: outer layer
  • Medulla: inner layer
  • Pelvis: collecting space for fluids/urine to then enter the ureter –> immediately continuous with the ureter, NOT the urethra!
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10
Q

Corticomedullary junction

A

Place where the cortex meets the medulla

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11
Q

Nephron

A 
Structural and functional unit
Renal corpuscle and tubular system
- glomerulus
- proximal convoluted tubule
- loop of henle
- distal convoluted tubule
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12
Q

Loop of Henle

A

Extends into the medulla, and reenters the cortex as the distal convoluted tubule

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13
Q

Is the collecting duct part of the nephron?

A

No, because one collecting duct serves multiple nephrons

- will not be able to see with a light microscope

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14
Q

Lobes of the kidney and pyramid

A

Most embryologic

  • some retained in maturity
  • cattle have multiple lobes
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15
Q

Medullary rays

A

Comparable to lobules

- way to separate parenchyma anatomically

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16
Q

Lobule

A

Collecting duct + nephrons

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17
Q

Renal Cortex structures

A
  • renal corpuscles (glomeruli)
  • proximal convoluted tubules
  • distal convoluted tubules
  • collecting tubules
  • interstitium
  • vessels
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18
Q

Where are glomuerli found?

A

Only can be found in the cortex

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19
Q

Salt concentration is ______ in the medulla

A

Higher, so water in the tubule gets sucked into the medulla to be saved

20
Q

Glomerulus

A
  • Capillary tuft
  • Basement membrane
  • Podocytes
  • Bowman’s capsule
  • Mesangium
21
Q

Where does blood filtration occur?

A

Renal corpuscle (glomerulus)

22
Q

What is the only place in the body where an arteriole breaks into a capillary and reforms as an arteriole?

A

Renal corpuscle

23
Q

What is the barrier between the blood and urinary space?

A

Glomerulus basement membrane

24
Q

What are the main filtrating cells?

A

Podocytes

- interdigitate around capillary walls

25
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

Portion of renal system that surrounds capillary tuft

26
Q

Mesangium

A

Highly eosinophilic in the capillary tuft

- holds the blood vessels of the capillary

27
Q

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

A
  • portion of the distal convoluted tubule
  • macula densa
  • juxtaglomerular cells
  • extraglomerular mesangial cells
28
Q

Macula densa

A

Monitors sodium concentration in the fluid in the tubule

* fluid is not urine until it drops into the renal pelvis and is taken into the bladder

29
Q

Modified smooth muscle

A

Muscle knows to contract or relax based on sodium concentration

30
Q

Where is modified smooth muscle found?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

31
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule

A
  • cuboidal, “brush border” lined by microvili
  • tight junctions: want a water tight barrier
  • very active (mitochondria), basal striations - responsible for modifying fluid in the tubules
  • modify ultrafiltrate (proteins, glucose)
  • make up a large portion of the cortex
32
Q

Loop of Henle

A
  • long limb/short limb
  • thin/thick segment
  • type 1-4
  • squamous to cuboidal
  • highly permeable
  • microvili, organelles
33
Q

Medullary washout

A

If an animal drinks too much water, then the sodium concentration is washed out of the kidney and you lose water retention

34
Q

Long limb

A

Animals that are in water deprived environments

- kangaroo rats, cats

35
Q

Short limb

A

Beavers, animals in water excess environments

36
Q

Distal convoluted tubule

A
  • Na (save) and K (clear)

- HCO3 (save) and NH4 (clear)

37
Q

What is in the cortex?

A

Glomeruli, proximal tubules, distal tubules, and some segments of collecting tubules

38
Q

Collecting tubules

A
  • light cells/dark cells
  • single cilia, variable microvilli
  • some cells have a single cilia, others have microvili
39
Q

Medulla

A
  • Henle/collecting tubules –> high solute concentration in the interstitium
  • Vasa Recta –> specialized capillaries that save extracted water
40
Q

When is fluid considered to be urine?

A

Only when fluid enters the renal pelvis is it considered urine
- as long as you change the chemical concentration, it is not considered urine

41
Q

Renal pelvis

A

Can observe greatly

- renal pelvis outward is covered in transitional epithelium

42
Q

Blood supply and lymphatics

A
  • renal artery and vein (25% Cardiac Output)

- arcuate vessels

43
Q

What follows heart failure

A

Renal failure

44
Q

Ureters/bladder/urethra

A

Transitional epithelium

- anatomic and gender differences

45
Q

Arcuate vessels

A

Renal artery branches into these vessels –> serve wedge shaped portion of renal cortex
- reason for renal infarcs at the corticomedullary junction

46
Q

Female cattle

A

Urethra enters into the ventral floor of the vagina (short)

47
Q

Male cattle

A

Longer urethra

  • sigmoid flexure: allows for difficulty when passing a catheter
  • less prone to UTIs due to longer distance

MSU-CVM Histology (12 decks)

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