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MSU-CVM Histology > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Communication, information gathering, integration, control = rapid response!

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2
Q

How is nervous tissue excitable?

A

Membrane potentials

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3
Q

Where does nervous tissue originate?

A

Neuroectodermal origin

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4
Q

How is nervous tissue similar to muscle tissue?

A
  • Can be both a tissue and a cell
  • Neuron = cell (axons = nerve fibers)
  • Tissue = neurons + supportive tissue
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5
Q

Components of nervous tissue

A
  • Endoneurium
  • Perineurium
  • Epineurium
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6
Q

Central Nervous System

A
  • Brain: Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Brain Stem

- Spinal cord

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7
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • Cranial and spinal nerves

- Ganglion (-a)

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8
Q

Neurons

A
  • Sensory (afferent)
  • Motor (efferent)
  • Interneurons (most)
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9
Q

Neuron composition

A
  • Cell body (afferent)
  • Dendrites (afferent)
  • Axon (efferent)
  • Synaptic junction (efferent)
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10
Q

Supporting cells

A
  • Schwann cells
  • Satellite cells
  • Glial cells
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11
Q

Types of Neurons

A
  • Multipolar
  • Bipolar
  • Unipolar (aka psudounipolar)
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12
Q

Can you see nerve cells histologically?

A

No

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13
Q

Somatic

A
  • Sensory

- Motor

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14
Q

Autonomic

A

Visceral, sympathetic, parasympathetic

  • Smooth muscle (hormonal too)
  • Cardiac stimulation (+/-)
  • Glandular epithelium
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15
Q

How do you tell somatic cells from autonomic?

A

You cannot tell them apart histologically, but can determine which is which based on the location

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16
Q

Nerve cell body components

A

Typical of protein-producing cells

  • Nucleus/nucleolus
  • RER
  • Nissl bodies (substance)
  • Mitochondria
  • Golgi
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17
Q

Axonal hillock

A

Widened trunk leading out to a neuron

  • where nerve impulses originate
  • where depolarization occurs
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18
Q

Can you see nerve cell bodies histologically?

A

Yes

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19
Q

Processes

A

Dendrites –> receptors

  • Environment
  • Other neurons

Axons –> effectors

  • Other neurons
  • Effector structures
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20
Q

Axonal transport

A

Neurotransmitters

- Slow vs. rapid transport

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21
Q

Neurotransmitters

A
  • Formed in nerve cell body
  • Kinesin: anterograde microtubules
  • Dynein: retrograde mictotubules
22
Q

Synapse

A
  • Junction neuron and effector
  • Chemical or electrical gap junctions
  • Degradation or re-uptake
23
Q

Types of neurotransmitters

A
  • Acetyl choline
  • Norepinephrine
  • Epinephrine
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin
  • GABA
24
Q

Nerves are ____

A

Collections of hundreds of thousands of neurons

25
Q

Fascicles

A
  • Epineurium: upon the nerves (outer layer) –> can see grossly
  • Perineurium
  • Endoneurium: layer right around the axon
26
Q

Neuroglia

A

Connective tissue cells that support the nerves in the CNS

- Astrocytes, Oligodendrolgia, Microglia, Ependyma

27
Q

Astrocytes

A

Support, modulate activity, form scar tissue in brain after damage
*principle cell type in the CNS

28
Q

Oligodendroglia

A

Myelin

29
Q

Microglia

A

Local phagocytes

30
Q

Ependyma

A

Line the central canal in the brain and spinal cord

31
Q

Connective cells in the PNS

A
  • Schwann cells (make myelin)

- Satellite cells

32
Q

Myelination

A

Provide insulation –> high lipid content, very little cytoplasm
Allows multiple axons to run in the same fascicle and not cross signals
- Schwann cells (completely wrap around the axon) and oligodendroglia

33
Q

Unmyelinated fibers

A
  • Slower conduction

- Still “invested” in Schwann cells –> Schwann cells still wrap around axons, but not in multiple layers

34
Q

______ is necessary for the creation of myelin

A

Multiple layers of Schwann cells

35
Q

Action potential

A
  • Electrochemical depolarization
  • Axonal hillock toward synapse
  • Nodes of Ranvier: where a Schwann cell meets the next Schwann cell
36
Q

Organization of CNS

A
  • Gray matter vs. white matter
  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
37
Q

Gray and white matter in the CNS

A

Gray: nerve cell bodies
White: axons

38
Q

What are the 3 components of the brain?

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Brain stem/ medulla oblongata
39
Q

Meninges

A
  • Dura mater: just underneath the skull, tightly adhered
  • Arachnoid mater: loose, web like space
  • Pia mater: innermost layer, really loose connective tissue that distributes blood vessels across the brain/spinal cord
40
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Keeps blood off of neurons

  • endothelium
  • pericyte: invest connective tissue around the vessels
  • astrocyte: helps to form BBB
41
Q

Can you see the BBB histologically?

A

Hard to distinguish capillaries at a histological/ultrastructure level

42
Q

Cerebrum

A

Higher centers

  • Gray matter: outer/cortical surfaces
  • White matter: central area/medulla
43
Q

Gyrus

A

Multiple outer folds of the brain

–> gyri: one fold on the outside of the brain

44
Q

Sulcus

A

Grooves separates right from left side of the brain

–> sulci: multiple grooves

45
Q

What animals have no gyri or sulci

A

Avians

46
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Coordination
  • Folia
  • Gray –> cortex
  • White –> medulla
47
Q

Molecular layer vs granular layer

A

Molecular: outermost layer of the cerebellum
Granular: inner layer of gray matter in the cerebellum

48
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

Proms that extend from the molecular layer into the granular layer
–> interneurons that communicate between layers

49
Q

Brain stem (medulla oblongata)

A

Subconscious control

  • -> reptilian brain
  • -> nuclei collections of nerve cell bodies
50
Q

Spinal cord

A

Named by vertebrae

  • Cortex: white matter
  • Medulla: gray matter
  • -> switch occurs in lower portion of the brain stem

MSU-CVM Histology (12 decks)

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