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MSU-CVM Histology > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory system includes _____ and _____

A

Conducting and respiratory segments

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2
Q

Components of the respiratory system

A
  • nostrils
  • nasal cavity
  • nasopharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
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3
Q

Conducting

A

Carry air from the environment into the lungs where gaseous exchange occurs
- Nostrils, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, upper part of bronchioles

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4
Q

Respiratory

A

Gas exchange occurs at the lowest level of the bronchioles and alveoli

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5
Q

Functions

A
  • Oxygenate blood
  • Condition air
  • Homeostasis
  • Sensory
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6
Q

Condition air

A
  • Filter out particulate matter
  • Temperature: air in alveoli is body temperature
  • Humidity: 100% humidity, no matter what the outside environment is
  • Performed by conduction segments
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7
Q

How does the respiratory system function in homeostasis?

A
  • First line defense: intact skin and mucous membrane and immune surveillance
  • Thermoregulation: when overheated, dogs pant
  • Acid/base control: CO2 is an acid, change acid/base control with hypo/hyperventilation
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8
Q

Nostrils and Nasal Cavity

A
  • Paired nares: found in most animals (exception: whales)
  • Mucocutaneous junction
  • Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (also found in trachea)
  • Cartilagenous turbinates
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9
Q

Mucocutaneous Junctions

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium that meets stratified squamous
- also found on the lips and colon

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10
Q

Nasal passage

A

Underlying connective tissue with cartilage that can mineralize
- some portions have glands in the submucosa

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11
Q

Cartilaginous turbinates

A

Scrolls of bone in the nasal passage

  • 2 scrolls of bone on each side
  • Meatus: dorsal, middle, and ventral on each side
  • Common meatus: place between median cartilaginous septum
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12
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

Spaces in the bones of the skull (cavities) that communicate with the respiratory tract by turnout of fluid
- ex: sinus infection

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13
Q

Gutteral pouches

A

Dilation of Eustachian tubes lined by ciliated columnar epithelium

  • found in horses
  • extension of respiratory tract
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14
Q

Pharynx

A

Common area shared between oral cavity and nasal passages

  • nasopharynx: dorsal to soft palate
  • oropharynx: ventral to soft palate
  • both components communicate with one another
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15
Q

Larynx

A

Voice box

  • cartilaginous (adam’s apple)
  • vocal folds in mucosa to create sound
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16
Q

Trachea

A

Airway (wind pipe)

  • flexible
  • larynx to bronchi
  • hyaline cartilage in C shape (complete rings in birds)
17
Q

Trachea layers

A
  • Mucosa: inner lying connective tissue
  • Submucosa: loose areolar CT (glands, etc)
  • Cartilage: upper respiratory tract (hyaline)
  • Adventitia: outer layer of CT, holds trachea to surrounding muscles
18
Q

Tracheal mucosa

A

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium

  • mucous cells: goblet cell = unicellular gland
  • mucociliary elevator
19
Q

Lung and lower airways

A
  • trachea
  • bronchus (-i)
  • bronchiole (s)
  • alveolar ducts (s)
  • alveolus (-i)
20
Q

Bronchus

A
  • Primary or mainstream: right and left

- Secondary and tertiary

21
Q

How to tell a bronchi from an airway

A

Look for cartilaginous rings, found only in airway

22
Q

Accessory bronchi

A

Found in some animals, most just have 2 primary bronchus

23
Q

Secondary and tertiary bronchi

A
  • mucosa
  • muscularis: smooth muscle (present throughout the lungs)
  • submucosa
  • cartilage rings (complete)
  • adventitia
24
Q

Epithelium throughout the lungs

A

Starts out columnar and ends squamous

- epithelium gets shorter the deeper within the lungs you go

25
Q

Are cilia present deeper in the lung?

A

Go away in the deeper lung due to absence of goblet cells that secrete mucous

26
Q

Bronchioles

A
  • next branches after tertiary bronchi
  • mm in diameter
  • NO cartilage or glands!
  • Continue branching –> lose cilia, get shorter
  • terminal bronchioles: Clara cells (non-cilia, dome, lipoprotein)
  • primary, secondary, tertiary
27
Q

What cell type would you expect to see in bronchioles?

A

Low cuboidal to squamos

  • getting to the point of gas exchange
  • white areas in histology are areas of gas exchange
28
Q

Clara cells

A

Keep lung from collapsing on itself and sticking closed

29
Q

Point of exit in the deep lung

A

If something needs to leave at the point of the bronchioles, then it must exit via the lymphatics (or an extremely deep cough)

30
Q

Whistling noise due to

A

Inadequate airflow to the alveoli

31
Q

Alveolus

A

After alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

  • cluster of grapes
  • site of gaseous exchange
  • MASSIVE surface area –> capillary beds
32
Q

_______ arrangement of capillary beds to allow blood to come into contact with air

A

Sponge-like

33
Q

Cell types of alveoli

A
  • Type 1 pneumocyte
  • Type 2 pneumocyte: stem cell of the lung, reproduce type 1 when needed
    • -> thicker, active golgi, dome shaped
  • Brush cell: monitor air quality, open/shut alveolar spaces based on air chemistry
  • Macrophage
34
Q

Surfactant

A

Several proteins (A,B,C) that keep alveoli open

35
Q

Alveolar pores

A

Opening between adjacent alveolus to prevent trapping of air

- absent in cattle, so they are prone to developing emphesyma

36
Q

What is located between the air and RBC?

A

2 cells and a basement membrane

- endothelial cell and type 1 pneumocyte = both share a basement membrane

37
Q

Type 2 hyperplasia

A

Lose surface area and harder to get oxygen in and out due to increased distance (hypoxic)

38
Q

Pleura

A
  • Simple squamous epithelium on a CT base
  • Visceral: directly touching the lung
  • Parietal: wall of the chest cavity, touching the ribs
  • Pleural space
  • Hilus
39
Q

Mediastinum

A

Intact: if you collapse one lung then the other will not be affected
Continuous: both lungs will collapse

MSU-CVM Histology (12 decks)

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