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MSU-CVM Histology > GIT > Flashcards

GIT Flashcards

1
Q

GI system

A
  • lips to anus (external)
  • multiple associated structures (teeth, salivary glands, liver, LN)
  • ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination
  • immune surveillance/barrier
  • great species variation*
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2
Q

Gross layout

A
  • mouth (oropharynx)
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • intestine
  • rectum
  • anus (cloaca)
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3
Q

Microscopic layout

A
  • mucosa: epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis
  • adventitia (serosa)
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4
Q

What is found in the muscularis mucosa?

A

Small band of smooth muscle

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5
Q

What is found in the submucosa?

A

Loose areolar CT where blood vessels travel

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6
Q

Mucosa

A

Stratified squamous lines the mouth and esophagus (rumen, reticulum, and omasum)

  • changes to simple columnar deeper in the GIT
  • lamina propria: accumulation of lymphocytes below the epithelial layer and BM
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7
Q

Submucosa

A

Varies in thickness

- thin up high and thicker in the lower intestine

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8
Q

Muscularis

A

Varies, have skeletal muscle in the esophagus and smooth muscle lower in the GIT

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9
Q

Serosa

A

Present as peritoneum in the abdomen

- adhered to other connective tissue in the cervical and mediastinum

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10
Q

Oral cavity

A
  • lips (mucocutaneous junction)
  • tongue: stratified squamous epithelium, skeletal muscle
  • teeth
  • tonsils: caudal portion of oropharynx
  • salivary glands
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11
Q

Tongue

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium (papillae and taste buds)
  • voluntary striated muscle
  • sublingual glands: produce saliva
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12
Q

Teeth

A 
Crown: visible portion
- enamel: outermost surface, only on the crown
- dentin: dense CT
- pulp: extends from crown to root
Root
- cementum
- dentin
- pulp
- central canal/nerve
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13
Q

Tonsils

A
  • location: palantine (swine), sublingual
  • epithelium: crypts
  • lymphoid nodules: vary with degree of antigen stimulation
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14
Q

Salivary glands

A
  • add moisture/ emulsify
  • begin digestion (CH2O)
  • buffer, minerals
  • antimicrobial
  • major glands: parotid, mandibular, sublingual, zygomatic
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15
Q

Salivary gland components

A
  • paired
  • epithelial lined: lobules, acinus (-i), myoepithelium (characteristics of muscle, but is epithelium)
  • ducts
  • secretions: serous (water/protein), mucous, mixed (water and mucous based secretions)
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16
Q

Acini

A

Clusters of glands, separated by fine connective tissue

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17
Q

Mucous is ______

A

Proteinaceous, stains pink

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18
Q

Are salivary glands exocrine or endocrine?

A

Exocrine!

- secrete product into a duct before it reaches the target area

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19
Q

Esophagus

A 
Muscular conduit
- oropharynx to stomach
- cervical
- thoracic (extends to stomach)
Stratified squamous epithelium
- some submucosal glands
Smooth and voluntary muscle
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20
Q

Adventitia of the esophagus

A

Does not have a discrete adventitia in the cervical region –> is attached to CT of trachea and cervical muscles
Does have an adventitia in the thoracic cavity and out into the abdomen

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21
Q

What are the 3 organs that cross the diaphragm

A
  • aorta
  • vena cava
  • esophagus
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22
Q

Avian anatomy

A

Crop: esophagus
- stratified squamous, place for food storage, prone to infection
Proventriculus: chemical stomach
Gizzard: chew/grind food after it is treated with HCl

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23
Q

Monogastric stomach

A
  • cardiac
  • fundic
  • pyloric
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24
Q

Ruminants

A
  • rumen (paunch)
  • reticulum (honeycomb)
  • omasum (plies) - toward the right side of the animal
  • abomasum (true/chemical stomach) - toward the right side
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25
Q

Rumen, reticulum, omasum

A 
Stratified sqamous epithelium
- many commensals
- mostly fermentation
- reducing environmnet
- some absorption
Omasum
- water absorption
26
Q

If you sterilize the rumen, then the cow cannot digest _____

A

Cellulose

27
Q

Abomasum/stomach

A
  • longitudinal folds (rugae)
  • columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells producing mucus and gastric pits
  • regions: cardiac, fundus, pyloric
28
Q

What are the mucus secreting regions of the stomach?

A

Pyloric and fundus

29
Q

Cardiac and pyloric region

A

Mostly mucus

30
Q

Torus pyloricus

A

Structure found only in pigs

- tumor like area near the pylorus

31
Q

Fundic region

A

Majority of stomach

Glandular secretions

32
Q

Gastric glands

A
  • simple branched tubular glands
  • mucus (goblets)
  • pepsin from chief cells (deeper in gland) and zymogen granules
  • HCl from parietal cells
  • intrinsic factor (glycoprotein) from parietal cells
  • enteroendocrine secretions into the LP
33
Q

Small intestine

A
  • principal site digestion/absorption (species variation)
  • 3 major portions: duodenum (medium), jejunum (long), and ileum (short)
  • mesentary: support and contains vessels (incl. lymph nodes)
34
Q

Small intestinal mucosa

A 
Villus 
- finger-like projections
- crypts
- shorter/lower
Columnar epithelium 
- microvilli
Lacteal (most prominent in the jejunum) 
Lamina propria
35
Q

SI microscopic anatomy

A
  • mucosa: columnar epithelium with brush border (microvilli on top of villi)
  • submucosa: glands, loose areolar CT
  • muscularis
  • serosa: simple squamous on CT base
36
Q

Muscularis

A

Inner circular layer
Outer longitudinal layer
- contracts, allows for peristalsis

37
Q

SI cell types

A
  • enterocytes: enzymes, H2O, absorption, tight junctions, brush border
  • goblet cells
  • paneth cells
  • enteroendocrine cells
  • M cells
38
Q

Microscopic features

A

Lamina propria/submucosa

  • submucosal glands in the duodenum
  • submucosal plexus
  • myenteric plexus
  • GALT: dome sites and M cells
39
Q

Villous length

A

Duodenum: tall villi, deep crypts
Jejeunum: middle, middle, middle
Ileum: short villi, shallow crypts, MALT

40
Q

Ileum has ________ attachment

A

Antimesenteric

41
Q

Large intestine/cecum

A
  • species variation (hind gut fermenter)
  • mostly straight tubular crypts
  • no villi
  • many goblets
  • no paneth cells
  • lymphoid tissue
42
Q

If there is no villi, then you are in the _____ or _____

A

Stomach; large intestine

43
Q

Large intestine/cecum functions

A
  • more lymphoid tissue (GALT)
  • absorption (water, nutrients)
  • elimination
  • mucocutaneous junction
44
Q

Pancreas

A

Exocrine (duct)
- digestive enzymes: acini, proteases, lipases
Endocrine (ductless)
- metabolic hormones: islets, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

45
Q

Exocrine portion of the pancreas

A 
Serous gland
Zymogen granules
- trypsinogen
- chymotrypsinogen
- proteases, peptidases
- lipases
- amylolytic enzymes
- nucleolytic enzymes
Bicarbonate (ductules)
Neural and hormonal control
46
Q

Acinus

A

“clusters of grapes”

  • lined by simple cuboidal that dump contents into duct that ends up in the small intestine
  • serous gland: product is water and mostly proteinaceous
47
Q

Endocrine portion of pancreas

A
  • islets

- mostly blood glucose control: glucagon, insulin, somatostatin

48
Q

Liver

A

Largest gland in the body
Metabolism
Bile production: gall bladder for storage (digestion)

49
Q

Liver metabolism

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • protein production (serum)
  • protein catabolism (NH3)
  • vitamins, minerals
  • toxins, pharmaceuticals
50
Q

Liver gross

A
  • anterior abdomen
  • lobes
  • dual blood supply
  • -> hepatic artery (25%)
  • -> portal vein: GI, pancreas, spleen drainage (75%)
51
Q

Liver histologic

A 
Constituents
- parenchyma
- CT stroma
- vessels
- perisinusoidal spaces
Lobules
- classic (functional)
- portal (exocrine)
- acinar
52
Q

Portal triads

A

Surround central veins

53
Q

What are the 3 structures within a portal triad

A
  • hepatic artery
  • portal vein
  • bile duct
54
Q

Hepatocytes

A 
Cuboidal
Anastomosing plates/cords
High metabolic activity
- mitochondria
- ER (rough, smooth)
- golgi
- lipid droplets
- glycogen
55
Q

Other cells of the liver

A
  • discontinuous endothelium
  • kupffer cells
  • stellate cells
56
Q

Bile ducts are lined by ____

A

Cuboidal epithelium

57
Q

Bile canaliculi

A

Tiny white spots between adjacent hepatocytes

58
Q

Liver blood flow

A

Portal triad
- hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct
Sinusoids: incomplete endothelium
Central vein

59
Q

Biliary tree

A
  • bile canaliculus
  • bile flow opposite blood flow
  • ductules –> bile ducts
60
Q

Gall Bladder

A
  • species variation
  • stores/concentrates bile
  • high cuboidal epithelium –> tight junctions, irregular microvilli
  • no muscularis mucosa/submucosa
  • smooth muscle
  • serosa (visceral peritoneum
61
Q

What animals do not have a gall bladder?

A

Killer whales, white tailed deer, rats, and horses

MSU-CVM Histology (12 decks)

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