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Anatomy And Physiology > Urinary 2 > Flashcards

Urinary 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

Filters blood plasma
Glomerulus - capillary network
Glomumerular capsule - double walled cup surrounds glomerulus

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2
Q

renal tubule

A

proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle -1 .thin descending limb and 2. ascending limb with thin and thick segments
distal convoluted tubule

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3
Q

fenestration of glomerular endothelial cell

A

prevents filtration of blood cells but allows all components of blood plasma to pass through

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4
Q

basal lamina of glomerulus

A

prevents filtration of larger proteins

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5
Q

slit membrane between pedicels

A

prevents filtration of medium sized proteins

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6
Q

flow of fluid thrpugh a juxtamedullary nephron

A 
glomerular capsule 
proximal convoluted tubule 
descending limb of the nephron tuble 
ascending limb .... 
distal convoluted tubule (which drains into collecting duct )
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7
Q

what layers are in the glomerular capsule

A

visceral and parietal

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8
Q

visceral layer of glomerular capsule

A

consists of modified simple squamous epithelial cells called podocytes

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9
Q

parietal layer glomerular capsule

A

simple squamous epithelium

outer wall of capsule

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10
Q

where is the fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries

A

the fluid enters capsular space ,the space btw the two layers of glomerular capsule ,which is continuous with the lumen of the renal tubule

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11
Q

cells in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

simple cuboidal epithelial cells with a prominent brush border of microvilli on their apical surface

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12
Q

cells in the descending limb and thin ascending limb of nephron limb

A

simple squamous epithelium

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13
Q

thick ascending limb of nephron loop is composed of what cells

A

simple cuboidal to low columnar epithelium

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14
Q

what two cells are in the DCT and continuing into the collecting ducts

A

principal cells that have receptors for both antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone
intercalated cells which play a role in homeostasis of blood pH

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15
Q

What does the JGA help with

A

regulate blood pressure inside the kidneys

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16
Q

macula densa

A

specialized cells lining the wall of the distal tubule ,at the point where the thick ascending limb meets the distal convulated tubule

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17
Q

juxtaglomerular cells

A

modified smooth muscle fibers found in the walls of afferent and efferent arterioles

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18
Q

glomerular filtration

A

in the first step of urine production ,water and most solutes in are filtered and move into the glomerular capsule

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19
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

as filtered fluid flows through the renal tubules and through the collecting ducts ,tubule cells reabsorb about 99% of the filtered water and many useful solutes

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20
Q

tubular secretion

A

as filtered fluid flows through the renal tubules and collecting ducts ,the renal tubule and duct cells secrete other materials ,such as wastes ,drugs and excess

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21
Q

filtration membrane

A

endothelial cells of glomerular capillaries and podocytes encircling capillaries.It permits filtration filtration of water and small solutes .prevents filtration of most plasma proteins ,blood cells and platelets

22
Q

3 barriers to cross in the filtration membrane

A

glomerular endothelial cells fenestration’s ,basal lamina btw endothelium and podocytes and pedicels of podocytes create filtration slits

23
Q

why is the volume of fluid filtered large ?

A

large surface area
thin and porous membrane
high glomerular capillary BP

24
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

the amount of filtrate formed in all renal corpuscles of both kidneys each minute
male 125 mL/min
female 105 mL/min

25
Q

what three mechanisms regulate GFR

A

renal auto regulation
neural regulation
hormonal regulation

26
Q

myogenic mechanism

A

occurs when stretching triggers contraction of smooth muscle cells in afferent arterioles -reduces GFR

27
Q

tubuloglomerular mechanism

A

macula densa provides feedback to glomerulus ,inhibits release of NO from cells in the JGA ,causing afferent arterioles to constrict and decreasing GFR (slower than myogenic mechanism )

28
Q

neural regulation

A

kidney blood vessels supplied by sympathetic ANS fibers that release norepinephrine causing vasoconstriction
moderate stimulation -both afferent and efferent arterioles constrict to same degree and GFR decreases slightly
greater stimulation - constriction of afferent arterioles predominates blood flow into the glomerular capillaries is greatly decreased and GFR drops

29
Q

hormonal regulation

A

angiotension II reduces GFR (potent vasoconstrictor )
atrial natriuretic peptide increases GFR - stretching of atria causes ANP release ,ANP causes relaxation of intra-glomerular mesangial cells increases capillary surface area for filtration

30
Q

net filtration depends on what pressures

A

glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure
capsular hydrostatic pressure
blood colloid osmotic pressure

31
Q

capsular hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure exerted against the filtration membrane by fluid in the capsular space and renal tubule

32
Q

glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure

A

BP in the glomerular capillaries

33
Q

blood colloid osmotic pressure

A

due to the presence of proteins in blood plasma

34
Q

net filtration pressure formula

A

NFP=GBHP-CHP-BCOP

35
Q

Reabsorption

A

return of most filtered fluid and substrate from the tubular lumen to the peritubular capillaries

36
Q

secretion

A

from the peritubular capillaries to the tubular lumen

37
Q

paracellular re-absorption

A

fluid can leak between the cells in a passive process in proximal convoluted tubules

38
Q

trans-cellular re-absorption

A

substances passes from the tubular lumen through the apical membrane of a tubule cell ,across the cytosol and out into interstitial fluid through the basolateral membrane

39
Q

primary active transport

A

energy derived from hydrolysis of ATP is used to pump a substance across a membrane

40
Q

secondary active transport

A

energy stored in an ions electrochemical gradient ,rather than hydrolysis of ATP ,drives another substance across a membrane

41
Q

symporters

A

are membrane proteins that move two or more substances i the same direction across a membrane

42
Q

antiporters

A

move two or more substances in the opposite directions across the membrane

43
Q

oobligatory water reabsorption

A

water reabsorbed with solutes in tubular fluid because water is obliged to follow solutes when they are reabsorbed (occurs in convulated tubule and descending limb of the nephron loop )

44
Q

faculatative water reabsorption

A

re-absorption of the final 10 percent of water
regulated by - anti-diuretic hormone
occurs in collecting ducts

45
Q

reabsorption in the proximal tubule

A

65 % of filtered water ,sodium and pottasium reabsorbed
100 % of most filtered organic solutes
80% of filtered bicarbonate

46
Q

reabsorption of loop henle

A

reabsorption of glucose ,amino acids ,other nutrients ,water and solutes balanced
15% filtered water
20-30% filtered sodium and potassium

47
Q

why is the reabsorption of water NOT coupled automatically to reabsorbtion of solutes

A

part of the loop of henle is relatively impermeable to water

48
Q

how much water is absorbed in the ascending limb

A

none ,because osmolarity progressively decreases as fluid moves towards end of ascending limb

49
Q

what does the early distal convoluted tubule do

A

reabsorbs 10%-15% of the filtered water ,the major site where parathyroid hormone stimulates reabsorption of Ca+ depending on bodys needs

50
Q

reabsorption and secretion in the late distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

A

90-95% have been returned by now
principal cells reabsorb Na + and screte K+
intercalated cells reabsorb K+ and HCO3-

Anatomy And Physiology (8 decks)

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