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Anatomy And Physiology > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Immunity

A

Resistance to infectious disease

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2
Q

What is innate immunity

A

Resistance that exists prior to exposure to the microbe

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3
Q

How is innate immunity different to acquired immunity

A

It does not improve after exposure to organism

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4
Q

Give the 1st line of defense for innate immunity

A

Skin
Mucous membranes and secretions
Normal flora

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5
Q

Give the 2nd line of defense of innate immunity

A

Innate immune cells
Inflammation
Complement
Antimicrobial substances

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6
Q

What cells is skin made up of

A

Keratinized cells

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7
Q

How can pathogens lenertrate skin

A

If there is a broken area of the skin

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8
Q

What does the epithelium of the mucus membrane do

A

It secretes mucus which trap many microbes and foreign substances

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9
Q

What is gastric juice

A

It’s a mixture of HCL ,enzymes and mucus and it destroys bacteria

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10
Q

How do eyes protect themselves from bacteria

A

Lacrimal apparatus produces and drains away tears which contain lysosome ,an enzyme which can break down the cell walls of certain bacteria

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11
Q

Where can we find lysosome

A

Saliva ,perspiration,nasal secretions and tissue fluids

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12
Q

Interferons

A

Defense against viral infections by preventing their replication

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13
Q

Complement system

A

Enhances immune reactions by causing bursting of microbes ,promoting phagocytosis and contributing to inflammation

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14
Q

Iron building proteins

A

Inhibit the growth of certain bacteria by reducing the amount of available iron

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15
Q

Antimicrobial proteins

A

Kill a wide range of microbes and attract dendritic cells and mast cells which participate in immune responses

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16
Q

How do natural killer cells attack foreign substances

A

They bind to a target cell and release granules contains toxic substances from NK cells

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17
Q

Phagocytes

A

Specialized cells ,They perform phagocytosis

18
Q

What are the two major types of phagocytes

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

19
Q

What are the two types of macrophages

A

Fixed -constantly stand guard in specific tissues

Wandering -develop during periods of infections from circulating monocytes and become phagocytic

20
Q

Histiocytes

A

Macrophages in connective tissue

21
Q

Kupffer cells

A

In the liver

22
Q

What are the steps of phagocytosis

A
  1. chemotaxis
  2. adherence
  3. ingestion
  4. digestion
  5. killing
23
Q

What are the sigh and symptoms of inflammation

A

Redness
Pain
Heat
Swelling

24
Q

What are the 3 stages of inflammation

A
  1. vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels
  2. emigration of phagocytes from the blood into interstitial
  3. Tissue repair
25
Q

Why does a fever occur

A

The hypothalamic thermostat is reset

26
Q

What are the benefits of inflammation

A

Intensifies effects of interferons ,inhibits bacterial growth ,speeds up tissue repair

27
Q

What is adaptive immunity

A

The ability to defend itself against specific invading agents such as bacteria ,toxins ,viruses ,and foreign tissues
Involves B and T lymphocytes

28
Q

What are the two properties of immunity

A

Specificity for particular antigens

Memory

29
Q

What are the two types of adaptive immunity

A

Cell mediated immunity

Antibody mediated immunity

30
Q

What is cell mediated immunity

A 
Cytotoxic T cells directly attack invading antigen .
Effective against 
1.intracellular pathogens 
2.cancer cells 
3. Foreign tissue transplants
31
Q

What is antibody mediated immunity

A

B cells transform into plasma cells which synthesize and secrete proteins called antibodies to inactivate antigens
Effective against :
Extracellular pathogens
Bacteria
Or fungi that are in body fluids outside cells

32
Q

What do B cells do in adaptive immunity

A

In adaptive immunity what do B cells do they respond to antigens by becoming plasma. Elks
The plasma cells make antibodies
Some B cells become memory B cells

33
Q

Where do the B lymphocytes develop

A

They develop in the B cells

34
Q

Where do T cells mature

A

T cells migrate to thymus where they mature

35
Q

Cytotoxic cells (CD8 )

A

They protect the body against viruses and cancer cells

36
Q

Helper T cells (CD4 )

A

Increase antibody formation,memory cell formation ,B cell formation and phagocytosis

37
Q

Self recognition

A

The ability to recognize your own proteins

38
Q

Self tolerance

A

The lack of reactivity to peptide fragments from your own proteins

39
Q

AIDS

A

A condition in which a person experiences an assortment of infections due to the progressive destruction of immune system cells by HIV

40
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

The immune system fails to display self tolerance and attacks the persons own tissues

41
Q

Examples of autoimmune diseases

A

Graves’ disease,myasthenia graves ,type 1 diabetes ,RA ,systemic lupus erythmatosus

Anatomy And Physiology (8 decks)

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