Pregnancy And Childbirth Flashcards
What is the function human chorionic gonadotropin during pregnancy
Rescues corpus luteum from degeneration until, the 3rd or 4th month of pregnancy
What are the functions of progesterone and estrogen during pregnancy
- maintains endometrium of uterus
- helps prepare mammary glands for lactation
- prepare Mother’s body for birth of the baby
Function of relaxin during pregnancy
- increases flexibility of pubic symphysis
2. Helps dilate uterine cervix during labor
What is the function of the hormone hCS
- helps prepare mammary glands for lactation
- enhances growth by increasing protein synthesis
- decreases glucose use and increases fatty acid use for ATP production
Corticotropin releasing hormone function
- establishes the timing of birth
2. increases secretion of cortisol
What are the steps of the first week of development
1 .fertilization
- cleavage
- morula
- blastocyst
- implantation
What may cause female infertility
Ovarian disease
Obstruction of the uterine tubes
Inadequate body fat
Uterus is not prepared for a fertilized ovum
Male fertility is the inability of the sperm fertilizing the secondary oocyte what are the possible causes of male infertility
Over exposure to x rays and ionizing radiation Infections Toxins Malnutrition Higher -than normal scrotal temperatures
When is intracytoplasmic sperm injection uses
This has been used when infertility is due to imapairments in spermatozoon motility or to the failure of spermatic to develop into spermatazoa
What happens in the procedure of in vitro fertilization
Mother - mother is given FSH soon after menstruation ,so we have several secondary oocytes
When several follicles have reached the appropriate size ,the stimulated follicles and transferred to a solution containing sperm and the oocytes go under fertilization
What is an ectopic pregnancy
It is the development of an embryo or fetus outside the uterine cavity
Where can an ectopic pregnancy occur
Uterine tube ,uterine cervix ,ovaries ,abdominal cavity
What are the signs and symptoms of ectopic pregnancy
One are two missed periods followed by bleeding and acute abdominal and pelvic
How would you treat an ectopic pregnancy
Include surgery or the use of cancer drug called methotrexate (embryonic cells stop dividing and eventually disappear )
What can be detected in the urine 8 days after fertilization
Human chorionic gonadotropin
What is placentation
This is the process of forming the placenta
What forms the fetal portion of the placenta
Chorionic villi of the chorion
What forms the maternal portion of the placenta
Decidua basalis of the endometrium
What do the umbilical arteries carry
Deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta
What does the umbilical vein carry
It carries oxygenated blood to the fetus and the Wharton’s jelly
Describe the maternal cardiovascular changes when a mother is pregnant
Stroke volume goes up Heart rate goes up Cardiac output goes up Blood volume goes up IVC compressions loser venous return and may cause edema
When the mother is pregnant she can experience renal artery compression what can this cause
Renal hypertension
What happens to the today volume during pregnancy
Goes up 30 percent
What happens to the expiratory reserve volume during pregnancy
Goes down by 40 percent
What happens to functional residual capacity
It goes down by 25 percent
What happens to minute ventilation during pregnancy
It goes up by 40 percent
What happens to total oxygen body consumption during pregnancy
It goes up by 10 percent
What two changes occur in a pregnant woman’s digestive system
Increased appetite
Decreased GIT motility
What changes occur in the mother’s urinary system
Increased urgency and frequency to pee
And increased renal filtering capacity (allows elimination of the fetus waste products )
What happens to the renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration
Renal plasma flow : goes up by 30 percent
Glomerular filtration : goes 40 percent
What changes happen to the the maternal skin
Chloasma ,changes areolae of the breast ,Linea Nigra ,striae
What is a teratogen
Agent that causes developmental defects in the embryo
What are the classes teratogens
Chemicals ,microorganisms ,prescription and recreational drugs
What does amniocentesis involve
It invokes withdrawing some of the amniotic fluid and analyzing the fetal cells and dissolved substances
What Is the fetal ultrasonography used to determine
Fetal age ,Evaluate fetal viability and growth ,determine fetal position,identify multiple pregnancies ,identify fetal -maternal abnormalities
What are the advantages if using chorionic villi sampling
It can be performed as early as 8 weeks of gestation and test is available in a few days
Which one has a higher chance of spontaneous abortion
CVS
What produces the corticotropin releasing hormone
Placenta
What produces adrenocorticotropic hormone
Produced by fetal anterior pituitary gland
What produces DHEA
the fetal adrenal cortex
What does DHEA convert to in the placenta
Estrogen
Oxytocin during labor is produced by :
The pituitary gland of the mother
During labor what hormone is produced by the fetal adrenal cortex
Cortisol
What are the different types of induced abortion
Mifepristone
Vacuum aspiration
Dilation and evacuation
Late stage abortion
What are the three stages of labor
Dilation
Expulsion
Placental stage
When do we get dystocia
It may result when there’s an abnormal position of the fetus or the birth canal cannot support vaginal delivery
What is an episiotomy
It is a perineal cut between the vagina and the anus made with surgical scissors to widen the birth canal for the baby to pass out
When do we consider a baby premature
A baby who weighs less than 2500 g at birth
What are the risk factors for prematurity
Poor prenatal care
Drug abuse
Mother below 16 or above 35
What is the major problem after delivery of an infant under 36 weeks of gestation due to insufficient surfactant
Respiratory distress syndrome
What is the principle hormone that promotes milk production
Prolactin
Which hormone inhibits the the production of milk during pregnancy
Progesterone
What is the principle stimulus in maintaining prolactin secretion during lactation
Sucking action of the infant
What are the beneficial cells in the mothers milk
Several types of white blood cells that fell boost the baby’s immunity
What are the beneficial molecules found in breast milk
Maternal IgA antibodies which protect the baby against specific infectious agents
