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Anatomy And Physiology > Pregnancy And Childbirth > Flashcards

Pregnancy And Childbirth Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function human chorionic gonadotropin during pregnancy

A

Rescues corpus luteum from degeneration until, the 3rd or 4th month of pregnancy

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2
Q

What are the functions of progesterone and estrogen during pregnancy

A
  1. maintains endometrium of uterus
  2. helps prepare mammary glands for lactation
  3. prepare Mother’s body for birth of the baby
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3
Q

Function of relaxin during pregnancy

A
  1. increases flexibility of pubic symphysis

2. Helps dilate uterine cervix during labor

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4
Q

What is the function of the hormone hCS

A
  1. helps prepare mammary glands for lactation
  2. enhances growth by increasing protein synthesis
  3. decreases glucose use and increases fatty acid use for ATP production
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5
Q

Corticotropin releasing hormone function

A
  1. establishes the timing of birth

2. increases secretion of cortisol

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6
Q

What are the steps of the first week of development

A

1 .fertilization

  1. cleavage
  2. morula
  3. blastocyst
  4. implantation
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7
Q

What may cause female infertility

A

Ovarian disease
Obstruction of the uterine tubes
Inadequate body fat
Uterus is not prepared for a fertilized ovum

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8
Q

Male fertility is the inability of the sperm fertilizing the secondary oocyte what are the possible causes of male infertility

A 
Over exposure to x rays and ionizing radiation 
Infections 
Toxins 
Malnutrition 
Higher -than normal scrotal temperatures
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9
Q

When is intracytoplasmic sperm injection uses

A

This has been used when infertility is due to imapairments in spermatozoon motility or to the failure of spermatic to develop into spermatazoa

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10
Q

What happens in the procedure of in vitro fertilization

A

Mother - mother is given FSH soon after menstruation ,so we have several secondary oocytes
When several follicles have reached the appropriate size ,the stimulated follicles and transferred to a solution containing sperm and the oocytes go under fertilization

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11
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy

A

It is the development of an embryo or fetus outside the uterine cavity

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12
Q

Where can an ectopic pregnancy occur

A

Uterine tube ,uterine cervix ,ovaries ,abdominal cavity

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13
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of ectopic pregnancy

A

One are two missed periods followed by bleeding and acute abdominal and pelvic

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14
Q

How would you treat an ectopic pregnancy

A

Include surgery or the use of cancer drug called methotrexate (embryonic cells stop dividing and eventually disappear )

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15
Q

What can be detected in the urine 8 days after fertilization

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

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16
Q

What is placentation

A

This is the process of forming the placenta

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17
Q

What forms the fetal portion of the placenta

A

Chorionic villi of the chorion

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18
Q

What forms the maternal portion of the placenta

A

Decidua basalis of the endometrium

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19
Q

What do the umbilical arteries carry

A

Deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta

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20
Q

What does the umbilical vein carry

A

It carries oxygenated blood to the fetus and the Wharton’s jelly

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21
Q

Describe the maternal cardiovascular changes when a mother is pregnant

A 
Stroke volume goes up
Heart rate goes up 
Cardiac output goes up 
Blood volume goes up 
IVC compressions loser venous return and may cause edema
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22
Q

When the mother is pregnant she can experience renal artery compression what can this cause

A

Renal hypertension

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23
Q

What happens to the today volume during pregnancy

A

Goes up 30 percent

24
Q

What happens to the expiratory reserve volume during pregnancy

A

Goes down by 40 percent

25
Q

What happens to functional residual capacity

A

It goes down by 25 percent

26
Q

What happens to minute ventilation during pregnancy

A

It goes up by 40 percent

27
Q

What happens to total oxygen body consumption during pregnancy

A

It goes up by 10 percent

28
Q

What two changes occur in a pregnant woman’s digestive system

A

Increased appetite

Decreased GIT motility

29
Q

What changes occur in the mother’s urinary system

A

Increased urgency and frequency to pee

And increased renal filtering capacity (allows elimination of the fetus waste products )

30
Q

What happens to the renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration

A

Renal plasma flow : goes up by 30 percent

Glomerular filtration : goes 40 percent

31
Q

What changes happen to the the maternal skin

A

Chloasma ,changes areolae of the breast ,Linea Nigra ,striae

32
Q

What is a teratogen

A

Agent that causes developmental defects in the embryo

33
Q

What are the classes teratogens

A

Chemicals ,microorganisms ,prescription and recreational drugs

34
Q

What does amniocentesis involve

A

It invokes withdrawing some of the amniotic fluid and analyzing the fetal cells and dissolved substances

35
Q

What Is the fetal ultrasonography used to determine

A

Fetal age ,Evaluate fetal viability and growth ,determine fetal position,identify multiple pregnancies ,identify fetal -maternal abnormalities

36
Q

What are the advantages if using chorionic villi sampling

A

It can be performed as early as 8 weeks of gestation and test is available in a few days

37
Q

Which one has a higher chance of spontaneous abortion

A

CVS

38
Q

What produces the corticotropin releasing hormone

A

Placenta

39
Q

What produces adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

Produced by fetal anterior pituitary gland

40
Q

What produces DHEA

A

the fetal adrenal cortex

41
Q

What does DHEA convert to in the placenta

A

Estrogen

42
Q

Oxytocin during labor is produced by :

A

The pituitary gland of the mother

43
Q

During labor what hormone is produced by the fetal adrenal cortex

A

Cortisol

44
Q

What are the different types of induced abortion

A

Mifepristone
Vacuum aspiration
Dilation and evacuation
Late stage abortion

45
Q

What are the three stages of labor

A

Dilation
Expulsion
Placental stage

46
Q

When do we get dystocia

A

It may result when there’s an abnormal position of the fetus or the birth canal cannot support vaginal delivery

47
Q

What is an episiotomy

A

It is a perineal cut between the vagina and the anus made with surgical scissors to widen the birth canal for the baby to pass out

48
Q

When do we consider a baby premature

A

A baby who weighs less than 2500 g at birth

49
Q

What are the risk factors for prematurity

A

Poor prenatal care
Drug abuse
Mother below 16 or above 35

50
Q

What is the major problem after delivery of an infant under 36 weeks of gestation due to insufficient surfactant

A

Respiratory distress syndrome

51
Q

What is the principle hormone that promotes milk production

A

Prolactin

52
Q

Which hormone inhibits the the production of milk during pregnancy

A

Progesterone

53
Q

What is the principle stimulus in maintaining prolactin secretion during lactation

A

Sucking action of the infant

54
Q

What are the beneficial cells in the mothers milk

A

Several types of white blood cells that fell boost the baby’s immunity

55
Q

What are the beneficial molecules found in breast milk

A

Maternal IgA antibodies which protect the baby against specific infectious agents

Anatomy And Physiology (8 decks)

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