male reproductive Flashcards
What do the testes produce
sperm and testosterone
what do the ducts do
transport ,store and assist in maturation of sperm
accessory sex organs :
secrete the liquid portion of semen
urethra is the passageway for
ejaculation of semen and excretion of urine
what temperature does sperm production require
2-3 degrees below body temperature
what is the purpose of the scrotum
supports and protects the testis and keeps the temperature of testis below body temperature
how does the scrotum maintain the testis temperature
using the dartos muscle which is a subcutaneous layer of smooth muscle which contracts in response to the cold
how does the spermatic cord maintain the temperature of testis
skeletal muscle from internal oblique contracts and this moves the testes closer to the body in response to cold temperatures
name 4 structures in the testis
Tunica vaginalis
tunica albuginea
lobules
seminiferous tubules
Tunica vaginalis
serous membrane derived from peritoneum during descent of testis
tunica albugenia
thick CT capsule
extends inwards to form septa
lobules
200-300 compartments
contains 1-4 seminiferous epithelium
seminiferous tobules
seminiferous epithelium
produce spermatazoa
cryptorchidism
condition when testes do not descend into scrotum ,if not treated can result in infertility
sertoli cells
supporting cells and blood testis barrier
Spermatogenic cells
replicate and differentiate into mature sperm
what do sertoli cells secrete
inhibin (inhits FSH) and androgen binding protein (keeps a high testosterone conc)
blood barrier testis (tight junction)
isolates developing gametes from the blood and thus prevents an immune response against spermatogenic cells surface antigens which are recognized as foreign
give the order of how the sperm cells mature
sprematogonia 2n primary spermatocytes 2n,4d secondary spermatocytes 1n,2d spermatids 1n,1d spermatozoa 1n,1d
leydig cells
secrete testosterone
how long does spermatogonia take to develop into sperm
65-75 days
testicular cancer signs
early sign of testicular cancer is a mass in the testis often associated with a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache in the abdomen ,of men aged 20-35 years
what releases the gonadotropin releasimg hormone
hypothalamus
the anterior pituitary secrets the luteinizing hormone what does this hormone do
the hormone stimulates the leydig cells to produce testosterone
the anterior pituitary secretes the follicle stimulating hormone what does this hormone do
stimulates the sertoli cells to secrete androgen binding protein
androgen binding protein
binds testosterone to keep concentration high
negative feedback : high blood level testosterone
hypothalamus - decreased GnRH
Anterior piturity -decreased LH
Leydig cells - decrease secretion of testpsterone
name the three intratesticular ducts
seminiferous tubules
straight tubules
rete testis
excurent dducts
efferent ducts
epididymis
ductus deferens
ejaculatory ducts
straight tubules
short terminal portion of the seminiferous tubule
only contains sertoli cells changing to simple cuboidal
rete testis
network of channels ‘simple cuboidal to low columnar
efferent ducts epithelium
pseudostratified columnar
epididymis epithelium
pseudotratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia
ductus deferens epithelium
pseudotratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia
ejaculatory ducts
union of the duct of seminal vesicle and ampulla of ductus deferens
seminal vesicles
secrete an alkaline ,viscous fluid
fructose
produce about 60 % of volume of semen
prostate
secretes citric acid ,proteolytic enzymes ,acid phosphate ,seminalplasmi
Bulbourethral glands
Secrete clear mucus like fluid into urethra
Benign prostatic hypertrophy
Enlarged postage gland (not cancerous ) min men aged 89
Problems when someone has BPH
Weak urination
Difficulty starting and stopping
Urgency or feeling to urinate
Frequency
Prostrate cancer clinical presentation
Poor urinary system Straining with micturition Feeling of incomplete bladder emptying Terminal dribbling Symptoms of distant spread
Corpus spongiosum
Forms the glans penis
Contains the penile urethra
Corpora cavernosa
There’s two of them
Semen
Mixture of sperm and seminal fluid
When is a man at risk of infertility in tens of sperm count
< 20 million sperm per ml
Erection
(point ) Enlargement and stiffening of one is Parasympathetic fibers initiate and maintain erection NO released Smooth muscle of arterioles relax Blood vessels dilate Loads of blood enters erectile tissue Veins compressed blocking outflow
Ejaculation
(Shoot )
Sympathetic reflex
Peristaltic contractions propel semen into penile portion of urethra
Contraction of smooth muscle
Decrease in blood flow and blood pressure
Veins open and drain blood
Erectile dysfunction
Inability to maintain or attain an erection
Most times it’s caused by insufficient NO
Other causes ,diabetes mellitus ,syphilis ,systemic disorders ,surgery ,testosterone deficiency,drugs
Viagra enhances smooth muscle relaxation by nitric oxide in the penis
