Urinary

Question 1

functions of the urinary system

Answer 1

store/excrete urine, regulate blood volume, erythrocyte production, ion levels, and acid-base balance

*retroperitoneal

Question 2

components of the urinary system

Answer 2

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

Question 3

where is the urinary system located?

Answer 3

anterior of 12th rib, right kidney is lower than left, adrenal glands are on top of the kidneys

Question 4

describe the kidneys

Answer 4

• surrounded by layers of fascia and fat
• renal fascia= between parietal peritoneum and 1st fascia, there is a layer of paranephric fat. It protects and insulates kidneys from physical damage

Question 5

gross anatomy of kidneys

Answer 5

surrounded by fibrous capsule
consists of renal cortex, medulla, pyramid, papilla, calyx and column

Question 6

what is the renal cortex

Answer 6

outer layer, consistent with appearance

Question 7

what is the renal medulla

Answer 7

inner layer, composed on microscopic filtration units and collection ducts

Question 8

renal pyramid

Answer 8

triangle that comes together at a point towards center of kidney

Question 9

renal papilla

Answer 9

where renal pyramid come together and urine drains into minor calyx
*many minor calyx form a major calyx

Question 10

major calyx

Answer 10

drain into the renal pelvis- where urine drains into the ureter, then goes to the bladder

Question 11

renal column

Answer 11

extensions of the renal cortex that divides the renal pyramids

Question 12

blood supply to kidney chain

Answer 12

renal artery– segmental artery– interlobar artery– arcuate artery– interlobular artery– afferent arteriole– glomerulus– efferent arteriole
Peritubular capillaries– interlobular vein– arcuate vein– interlobar vein– renal vein

Question 13

what is a nephron

Answer 13

• functional unit of the kidney
• composed of a renal corpuscle that surrounds the glomerulus
  – from renal corpuscle– proximal convoluted tubule, down the descending limb and up the ascending limb (nephron loop)
• empties into collecting duct which drains into the renal papilla and into a minor calyx

Question 14

glomerulus

Answer 14

carries blood through, waste is filtered out into the renal corpuscle

Question 15

glomerulus anatomy

Answer 15

• afferent arteriole enters the Bowman’s capsule and splits into several mini arteries to form the glomerulus.
• Bowman’s capsule + glomerulus make up the renal corpuscle.
• As blood passes through the glomerulus, waste is filtered and collected in Bowman’s capsule — then to the proximal convoluted tubule.
• Blood from glomerulus moves into
  efferent arteriole that then becomes the renal capillaries before draining into veins.

Question 16

ureters

Answer 16

collect urine from renal pelvis and transport it to the urinary bladder, peristalsis moves urine down
- has 2 layers of smooth muscle
- adventitia, and two layers of mucosa layer made of lamina propria and transitional epithelia
***same type of layers as digestive system, but different type of epithelium

Question 17

urinary bladder

Answer 17

• urine enters the bladder at the posterioinferior aspect through ureteral openings
• rugae (allows for expansion) transitional epithelial
• trigone: no rugae in this area, serves as a funnel to move urine towards urethra

Question 18

what does the trigone do?

Answer 18

formed from distal portion of the ureters that become incorporated into posterior bladder wall during fetal development
*doesn’t expand with filling
* serves as a funnel to move urine towards urethra

Question 19

adventitia

Answer 19

outer layer of bladder, holds shape
areolar CT in urinary bladder

Question 20

detrusor muscle

Answer 20

main muscle in wall of bladder that contracts to propel urine out of the body
smooth muscle

Question 21

submucosa

Answer 21

found between mucosa and muscle layers formed from dense irregular CT to support bladder wall

Question 22

mucosa

Answer 22

**transitional epithelium- stretches to accommodate urine storage, innermost layer
lamina propria- highly vascularized, supports mucosa

Question 23

urethral sphincters

Answer 23

Internal urethral sphincter, external urethral sphincter

Question 24

What is the internal urethral sphincter?

Answer 24

involuntary, relaxes when bladder is full, stimulates the micturition reflex (to urinate)

Question 25

what is the ‘fancy’ word (official word) for urinating?

Answer 25

micturition

Question 26

what is the external urethral sphincter?

Answer 26

• voluntary, can be contracted to ‘hold up’ until bladder can be emptied
• located in the pelvic diaphragm

Question 27

trace the path of blood to kidneys: arteries

Answer 27

renal artery– segmental artery– interlobar artery– arcuate artery– interlobular artery– afferent arteriole– glomerulus– efferent arteriole

Question 28

trace the path of blood to kidneys: veins

Answer 28

peritubular capillaries– interlobular vein– arcuate vein– interlobar vein– renal vein