Autonomics & Sensory organs Flashcards
(70 cards)
1
Q
unipolar
bipolar
multipolar
A
classification of neurons
2
Q
unipolar
bipolar
multipolar
A
classification of neurons
3
Q
- most common sensory neuron
- single short cell process extends from cell body, fusion of 2 processes into 1 long axon
ex) motor sensory neurons
A
describe unipolar classification of neuron
4
Q
- uncommon, 2 nerve cell processes extend from cell body
ex) olfactory epithelium, retina
A
describe bipolar classification of neuron
5
Q
- most common type of neuron
- multiple nerve cell processes extend from the body usualy one axon, many dendrites
ex) interneurons, motor neurons
A
describe multipolar classification of neuron
6
Q
-sensory
-detect stimuli from body and transmit to CNS
-unipolar
a for arrive
A
afferent neurons
7
Q
-motor
-conduct nerve impulses from CNS to muscle or glands
-multipolar
A
efferent neurons
8
Q
-found only in the CNS
-facilitates communication between afferent and efferent neurons
-multipolar
A
interneurons
9
Q
- astrocytes
- microglial cells
- ependymal cells
- oligodendrocytes
A
CNS glial cells (AMEO)
10
Q
-star-shaped, most common type of glial cell.
-in contact with neurons and capillaries
- form BBB and replace damaged neurons
A
what is an astrocyte
11
Q
- small cell with slender branches, least common type
*defend against pathogens and remove debris (phagocytizes- eats garbage)
A
what is a microglial cell
12
Q
- simple cuboidal epithelia cell lining in brain and spinal cord
- secrete cerebral- spinal fluid
- lines ventricles of brain and central canal of spine
A
what is an ependymal cell
13
Q
- rounded, bulb cell with small projections
- extensions wrap around CNS
- myelinates and insulated CNS axon, allows for faster nerve impulse conduction
A
what is an oligodendrocyte
14
Q
Satellite cells
neurolemmocyte (Schwann)
A
PNS Glial cells
(SL/ SS)
15
Q
- flattened cell clustered around neuronal cell bodies in ganglion
- protects/ regulates nutrients for cell bodies in ganglion
A
what is a satellite cell
16
Q
myelinated and insulates PNS axon which allows for faster nerve conduction through axon
A
what is a neurolemmocyte (Schwann)
17
Q
- high lipid content that wraps around axon and gives nerves their glossy- white appearance
- neurolemmocyte myelinates one axon
- oligodendrocytes myeline many axons
A
what is the myelin sheath
18
Q
- maintain homeostasis
- pre-ganglionic cell bodies (found in brainstem, S2, S3, S4)
- local response
- long preganglionic axon
- short postganglionic axon
- no rami communicates
A
parasympathetic functions
19
Q
- prepares body for emergencies
- preganglionic cells found in T1- L2 (thoracolumbar)
- short preganglionic axon with many branches
- white rami attach T1-L2
- mass and local activations
A
sympathetic functions
20
Q
receptive fields, varies across the body
- don’t need super specific touch on back
- DO need specific touch detection in fingers because they are in charge of precise movement
A
sense of touch
21
Q
exteroreceptors
interoceptors
proprioceptors
A
types of sensory receptors
22
Q
detect stimuli in external environment
ex) sensory receptors within skin, nose, mouth
A
exteroreceptors
23
Q
detect stimuli within body
ex) sensory receptors within blood vessel walls
A
interoceptors
24
Q
detect stimuli within joint, skeletal muscle and tendons
ex) joint receptors, spindles
A
proprioceptors
25
chemicals dissolved in fluid
ex) taste
what are chemoreceptors
26
changes in temperature
ex) skin
what are thermoreceptors
27
changes in light intensity, color and movement
ex) eye
what are photoreceptors
28
physical deformation of plasma membrane due to touch, pressure, or vibration
ex) tactile receptors in skin
what are mechanoreceptors
29
detect pain stimule
ex) pain receptors present in almost all organs
what are noiciceptors
30
gustation
what is the sense of taste called
31
taste buds
where are gustatory cells found
32
- gustatory cells: detect tastant
- supporting cells: sustain gustatory cells
- basal cells: replace short-lived gustatory cells
3 things a taste bud contains
33
filiform
fungiform
vallate
foliate
papillae of the tongue
34
short, bristle-like, found on anterior 2/3 of tongue.
mechanical function
no gustation role
filiform papillae
35
mushroom shaped
found on tip/sides of tongue
each contain only a few taste buds
fungiform papillae
36
least numerous, but very large.
found as inverted V on back on tongue
surrounded by deep depression where taste buds are found
vallate papillae
37
extend as ridges on posterior lateral tongue.
have few taste buds during infancy/ childhood, but go away as we age
foliate papillae
38
- sweet
- salty
- sour
- bitter
- umami (meaty flavor)
gustatory discrimination
39
olfaction
sense of smell
40
molecules must be dissolved in the mucus of nasal cavity to be detected
describe olfaction
41
- olfactory receptor cells
- supporting cells
- basal cells
- lamina propria
4 parts to olfactory epithelium
42
detects odor, olfactory neurons
what do olfactory receptor cells do
43
sandwich olfactory neurons and sustain the receptors, sustentacular cells
supporting cells
44
function as neuronal stem cells, continually replace olfactory receptor cells
olfactory cells are one of the few neuronal types that get replaced
basal cells
45
areolar CT that houses the olfactory glands that produce mucus that convert the olfactory epithelium
lamina propria
46
vision
sense of sight
47
- eyebrows
- eyelashes
- eyelids
- medial and lateral palpebral commissures (corner of eye)
external anatomy of eyes
48
external accessory structure of eye
- special stratified columnar epithelia
- forms continuous lining over external portion of eye
- maintains goblet cells that lubricate the eye
conjunctiva
49
fibrous tunic/ external layer
2 layers of epithelium with collagen in the middle, forms anterior layer of the eye, transmits/ retracts incoming light
cornea
50
fibrous tunic/ external layer
dense regular CT
posterior covering of the eye: the 'white' of the eye
supports eye shape/ protects it
sclera
51
vascular tunic/ middle layer
areolar CT, highly vascularized-(full of blood vessels)
forms posterior 2/3 of middle wall of eye. supplies nourishment to retina***
choroid
52
vascular tunic/ middle layer
ciliary smooth muscles and inner secretory epithelium.
between choroid and iris anteriorly
ciliary body
53
vascular tunic/ middle layer
2 layers of smooth muscle with central opening (pupil)
control pupil diameter- which allows a certain amount of light in
iris
54
retina/ internal layer
pigmented epithelial cells/ supporting cells.
outermost portion of retina- directly adheres to choroid.
absorbs extraneous light, provides vitamin A to photoreceptors
pigmented layer
55
retina/ internal layer
photoreceptors, bipolar neurons and ganglion cells.
inner portion of retina
detects incoming light rays; which are converted to nerve impulses and transmitted to the brain
neural layer
56
cavity of eye
strong, deformable transparent structure held in place by dense fibrous capsule
lens
57
cavity of eye
gel-like substance found in space between lens and retina
vitreous humor
58
ear and hearing
what deals with equilibrium and hearing?
59
(external ear)
skin covered cartilaginous structure
auricle
60
(external ear)
funnel-shaped tube
external acoustic meatus
61
(external ear)
delicate epithelial sheet, separating the external and middle ear
tympanic membrane
62
(middle ear, tympanic cavity)
Eustachian tube
auditory tube
63
(middle ear, tympanic cavity)
connects middle ear and where our mouth/ nose connect
- malleus
- incus
- stapes
*stapes articulates with oval window to transmit sound waves to the inner ear
auditory ossicles
64
hammer
what does the malleus look like?
65
anvil
what does the incus look like?
66
stirrup
what does the stapes look like?
67
(inner ear) CN VII
anterior, posterior, horizontal fluid movement within these canals help the brain determine movement of body
semicircular canals
68
(inner ear) CN VII
utricle and saccule= sense gravity and linear acceleration to maintain equilibrium and balance
vestibule
69
(inner ear) CN VII
sense sound as vibrations and turn these vibrations into nerve impulses which are perceived as audible sound in the brain
cochlea
70
classification of neurons
unipolar
bipolar
multipolar
