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Human Anatomy > Autonomics & Sensory organs > Flashcards

Autonomics & Sensory organs Flashcards

1
Q

unipolar
bipolar
multipolar

A

classification of neurons

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2
Q

unipolar
bipolar
multipolar

A

classification of neurons

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3
Q
  • most common sensory neuron
  • single short cell process extends from cell body, fusion of 2 processes into 1 long axon
    ex) motor sensory neurons
A

describe unipolar classification of neuron

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4
Q
  • uncommon, 2 nerve cell processes extend from cell body
    ex) olfactory epithelium, retina
A

describe bipolar classification of neuron

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5
Q
  • most common type of neuron
  • multiple nerve cell processes extend from the body usualy one axon, many dendrites
    ex) interneurons, motor neurons
A

describe multipolar classification of neuron

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6
Q

-sensory
-detect stimuli from body and transmit to CNS
-unipolar
a for arrive

A

afferent neurons

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7
Q

-motor
-conduct nerve impulses from CNS to muscle or glands
-multipolar

A

efferent neurons

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8
Q

-found only in the CNS
-facilitates communication between afferent and efferent neurons
-multipolar

A

interneurons

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9
Q
  • astrocytes
  • microglial cells
  • ependymal cells
  • oligodendrocytes
A

CNS glial cells (AMEO)

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10
Q

-star-shaped, most common type of glial cell.
-in contact with neurons and capillaries
- form BBB and replace damaged neurons

A

what is an astrocyte

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11
Q
  • small cell with slender branches, least common type
    *defend against pathogens and remove debris (phagocytizes- eats garbage)
A

what is a microglial cell

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12
Q
  • simple cuboidal epithelia cell lining in brain and spinal cord
  • secrete cerebral- spinal fluid
  • lines ventricles of brain and central canal of spine
A

what is an ependymal cell

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13
Q
  • rounded, bulb cell with small projections
  • extensions wrap around CNS
  • myelinates and insulated CNS axon, allows for faster nerve impulse conduction
A

what is an oligodendrocyte

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14
Q

Satellite cells
neurolemmocyte (Schwann)

A

PNS Glial cells
(SL/ SS)

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15
Q
  • flattened cell clustered around neuronal cell bodies in ganglion
  • protects/ regulates nutrients for cell bodies in ganglion
A

what is a satellite cell

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16
Q

myelinated and insulates PNS axon which allows for faster nerve conduction through axon

A

what is a neurolemmocyte (Schwann)

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17
Q
  • high lipid content that wraps around axon and gives nerves their glossy- white appearance
  • neurolemmocyte myelinates one axon
  • oligodendrocytes myeline many axons
A

what is the myelin sheath

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18
Q
  • maintain homeostasis
  • pre-ganglionic cell bodies (found in brainstem, S2, S3, S4)
  • local response
  • long preganglionic axon
  • short postganglionic axon
  • no rami communicates
A

parasympathetic functions

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19
Q
  • prepares body for emergencies
  • preganglionic cells found in T1- L2 (thoracolumbar)
  • short preganglionic axon with many branches
  • white rami attach T1-L2
  • mass and local activations
A

sympathetic functions

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20
Q

receptive fields, varies across the body
- don’t need super specific touch on back
- DO need specific touch detection in fingers because they are in charge of precise movement

A

sense of touch

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21
Q

exteroreceptors
interoceptors
proprioceptors

A

types of sensory receptors

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22
Q

detect stimuli in external environment
ex) sensory receptors within skin, nose, mouth

A

exteroreceptors

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23
Q

detect stimuli within body
ex) sensory receptors within blood vessel walls

A

interoceptors

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24
Q

detect stimuli within joint, skeletal muscle and tendons
ex) joint receptors, spindles

A

proprioceptors

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25
Q

chemicals dissolved in fluid
ex) taste

A

what are chemoreceptors

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26
Q

changes in temperature
ex) skin

A

what are thermoreceptors

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27
Q

changes in light intensity, color and movement
ex) eye

A

what are photoreceptors

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28
Q

physical deformation of plasma membrane due to touch, pressure, or vibration
ex) tactile receptors in skin

A

what are mechanoreceptors

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29
Q

detect pain stimule
ex) pain receptors present in almost all organs

A

what are noiciceptors

30
Q

gustation

A

what is the sense of taste called

31
Q

taste buds

A

where are gustatory cells found

32
Q
  • gustatory cells: detect tastant
  • supporting cells: sustain gustatory cells
  • basal cells: replace short-lived gustatory cells
A

3 things a taste bud contains

33
Q

filiform
fungiform
vallate
foliate

A

papillae of the tongue

34
Q

short, bristle-like, found on anterior 2/3 of tongue.
mechanical function
no gustation role

A

filiform papillae

35
Q

mushroom shaped
found on tip/sides of tongue
each contain only a few taste buds

A

fungiform papillae

36
Q

least numerous, but very large.
found as inverted V on back on tongue
surrounded by deep depression where taste buds are found

A

vallate papillae

37
Q

extend as ridges on posterior lateral tongue.
have few taste buds during infancy/ childhood, but go away as we age

A

foliate papillae

38
Q
  • sweet
  • salty
  • sour
  • bitter
  • umami (meaty flavor)
A

gustatory discrimination

39
Q

olfaction

A

sense of smell

40
Q

molecules must be dissolved in the mucus of nasal cavity to be detected

A

describe olfaction

41
Q
  • olfactory receptor cells
  • supporting cells
  • basal cells
  • lamina propria
A

4 parts to olfactory epithelium

42
Q

detects odor, olfactory neurons

A

what do olfactory receptor cells do

43
Q

sandwich olfactory neurons and sustain the receptors, sustentacular cells

A

supporting cells

44
Q

function as neuronal stem cells, continually replace olfactory receptor cells
olfactory cells are one of the few neuronal types that get replaced

A

basal cells

45
Q

areolar CT that houses the olfactory glands that produce mucus that convert the olfactory epithelium

A

lamina propria

46
Q

vision

A

sense of sight

47
Q
  • eyebrows
  • eyelashes
  • eyelids
  • medial and lateral palpebral commissures (corner of eye)
A

external anatomy of eyes

48
Q

external accessory structure of eye
- special stratified columnar epithelia
- forms continuous lining over external portion of eye
- maintains goblet cells that lubricate the eye

A

conjunctiva

49
Q

fibrous tunic/ external layer
2 layers of epithelium with collagen in the middle, forms anterior layer of the eye, transmits/ retracts incoming light

A

cornea

50
Q

fibrous tunic/ external layer
dense regular CT
posterior covering of the eye: the ‘white’ of the eye
supports eye shape/ protects it

A

sclera

51
Q

vascular tunic/ middle layer
areolar CT, highly vascularized-(full of blood vessels)
forms posterior 2/3 of middle wall of eye. supplies nourishment to retina***

A

choroid

52
Q

vascular tunic/ middle layer
ciliary smooth muscles and inner secretory epithelium.
between choroid and iris anteriorly

A

ciliary body

53
Q

vascular tunic/ middle layer
2 layers of smooth muscle with central opening (pupil)
control pupil diameter- which allows a certain amount of light in

A

iris

54
Q

retina/ internal layer
pigmented epithelial cells/ supporting cells.
outermost portion of retina- directly adheres to choroid.
absorbs extraneous light, provides vitamin A to photoreceptors

A

pigmented layer

55
Q

retina/ internal layer
photoreceptors, bipolar neurons and ganglion cells.
inner portion of retina
detects incoming light rays; which are converted to nerve impulses and transmitted to the brain

A

neural layer

56
Q

cavity of eye
strong, deformable transparent structure held in place by dense fibrous capsule

A

lens

57
Q

cavity of eye
gel-like substance found in space between lens and retina

A

vitreous humor

58
Q

ear and hearing

A

what deals with equilibrium and hearing?

59
Q

(external ear)
skin covered cartilaginous structure

A

auricle

60
Q

(external ear)
funnel-shaped tube

A

external acoustic meatus

61
Q

(external ear)
delicate epithelial sheet, separating the external and middle ear

A

tympanic membrane

62
Q

(middle ear, tympanic cavity)
Eustachian tube

A

auditory tube

63
Q

(middle ear, tympanic cavity)
connects middle ear and where our mouth/ nose connect
- malleus
- incus
- stapes
*stapes articulates with oval window to transmit sound waves to the inner ear

A

auditory ossicles

64
Q

hammer

A

what does the malleus look like?

65
Q

anvil

A

what does the incus look like?

66
Q

stirrup

A

what does the stapes look like?

67
Q

(inner ear) CN VII
anterior, posterior, horizontal fluid movement within these canals help the brain determine movement of body

A

semicircular canals

68
Q

(inner ear) CN VII
utricle and saccule= sense gravity and linear acceleration to maintain equilibrium and balance

A

vestibule

69
Q

(inner ear) CN VII
sense sound as vibrations and turn these vibrations into nerve impulses which are perceived as audible sound in the brain

A

cochlea

70
Q

classification of neurons

A

unipolar
bipolar
multipolar

Human Anatomy (11 decks)

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