Reproductive (all) Flashcards
function of reproductive system
continuing the human race
regulates sex hormones involved with determination of sex (male or female) and secondary characteristics such as breasts or defined muscles
what is the notation for the different sexes?
male: XY
female: XX
perineum
diamond shaped area between the thighs
anterior border is pubic symphysis, later border is ischial tuberosity and posterior border is coccyx
urogenital triangle
contain clitoris, urethral and vaginal offices in females, and base of penis and scrotum in males
anal triangle
location of anus in both sexes
uterus
where a fetus grows, contains a lining that sheds known as a females’ period
ovary
site of female gamete production, storage and release
fallopian tube
extension of uterus that gamete (egg) travels down from ovary to uterus
cervix
narrowing and distal end of uterus that separates internal uterine environment from the outside
vagina
inferior most part that contracts the uterus to the outside of the body
ligaments in female reproductive system
broad ligament
suspensory ligament
ovarian ligament
round ligament
what is the broad ligament?
covers whole uterus, tubes and ovaries to hold them in place and protect them. Divided in 3 sections.
1. Mesometrium: covers the uterus
2. mesosalpinx: covers fallopian tube
3. mesovarium: attaches ovaries to the rest of the broad ligament
what is the suspensory ligament?
attaches to the later edge of each ovary and connects it to the lateral pelvic wall
- ovarian artery and vein run within this ligament to supply the ovaries
what is the ovarian ligament?
connects the ovary to the uterus to hold it in place
what is the round ligament?
originates on the lateral exterior wall of the uterus and projects down through the inguinal area to attach to the labia majora
hilum
in ovary, where the mesovarium attaches to the ovary
tunica albuginea
connective tissue capsule that surrounds ovary
cortex
outer ‘edge’ of ovary tissue that contains ovarian follicles
medulla
inner portion composed of areolar CT and contains ovarian blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves
uterine part
connects rest of the fallopian tube to the uterus, narrowest part
isthmus of fallopian tubes
extends medially from the ampulla toward the lateral wall of uterus and forms 1/3 of the fallopian tube
ampulla
expanded region of the fallopian tube. Fertilization of secondary oocyte usually occurs here
infundibulum
free, funnel-shaped, lateral margin of tube
- has any finger- like fimbriae that rests on top of ovary during ovulation, but not directly attached
fundus of uterus
broad, curved superior regions extending between the lateral attachments of the fallopian tubes
body of uterus
major part, middle region composed of thick walls of smooth muscle.
Contains the majority of the uterus lumen
isthmus of uterus
narrow, constricted inferior region of body that is directly superior to cervix
cervix of uterus
narrow inferior portion of uterus that projects into the vagina
- cervix: protrusion of inferior end of uterus into the vagina
- external os: small opening of cervix that opens into lumen of the uterus
layers of the uterus
perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
what is the perimetrium
outer tunic serosa, continuos with broad ligament
what is the myometrium
thick muscular layer composed on 3 intertwining layers of smooth muscle, in charge of contractions and cramps
what is the endometrium
simple columnar epithelia with an underlying lamina propria
- basal layer: adjacent to myometrium and permanent
- functional layer: grows during puberty and shed as menses if fertilization doesn’t take place
describe the vagina
- thick walled fibromuscular tube that forms the innermost region that connects the uterus to the outside of body
- functions as birth canal
- copulatory organ, receives penis during intercourse
- passageway of menstruation
- contains the vaginal orifice
what is the vaginal orifice?
external opening of the vagina to the exterior of the body
mons pubis
expanse of skin and subcutaneous tissue immediately anterior to pubic symphysis
labia majora
paired, thick folds of skin and CT
contains sweat glands and covered in pubic hair
labia minora
paired, folds internal to labia majora
no hair, highly vascularized CT
vestibule of vagina
space between the labia minora
vestibular glands openings
paired gland openings onto vulvar surface
prepuce and glans of clitoris
very end of the clitoris (glans) covered by a fold of the labia minora (prepuce)
body of clitoris
formed by 2 small erectile bodies called corpora cavernosa
crus of clitoris
extensions of each bodies that attach to the pubic arch
bulb of vestibule of vagina
erectile body on either side of the vaginal orifice that becomes erect during intercourse
greater vestibular glands
paired glands that secrete mucin which forms mucus to act as a lubricant for vagina. Secretion increases during intercourse
suspensory ligaments
fibrous connective bands that extend from the skin to attach to the deep fascia overlying pectorals major muscle to support breasts
lobes of mammary glands
divisions of mammary glands
- further divided into lobules and further divided into alveoli that produce milk
lactiferous ducts
drains breast milk from a single breast lobe.
Widens and drains into the sinus as it approaches the nipple
lactiferous sinus
space where milk is stored prior to release from nipple
areola
pigmented ring of skin around nipple
areolar glands: sebaceous glands that form a bumpy surface
nipple
cylindrical projection of the center of breast.
Contains multiple openings of excretory ducts that transport breast milk
what is the primary sex organ for males?
testes
- penis is the male organ of copulation: urethra travels from the bladder through penis to transport urine outside body
accessory reproductive organs for males
complex set of ducts and tubules leading from the testes to the penis, a group of male accessory glands and the penis
scrotum
skin covered sac between thighs that provides a cooler environment needed for normal sperm development
external anatomy of the scrotum
- raphae: ridgelike seam at the midline
- scrotum wall: external layer of skin, directly underneath the skin is a thin layer superficial
- fascia covers a smooth muscle called the dartos muscle (which is responsible for pulling the testes closer to the body for warmth)
spermatic cord
blood vessels and nerves to the testes travel from within the abdomen to scrotum
- originates in inguinal canal
what is the inguinal canal
a tubelike passageway through the inferior abdominal wall
spermatic cord wall
extension of the abdominal wall
- internal spermatic fascia
- cremaster muscle
- external spermatic fascia
what is the cremaster muscle from spermatic cord wall?
formed from muscle fiber
what is the external spermatic fascia from spermatic cord wall?
formed from external oblique muscle fascia
vas deferens
duct that connects testes with the outside of the body to move sperm out through the penis
testicular artery
single artery that is a direct branch off the abdominal aorta to supply the testes
pampiniform plexus
network of veins that surround the artery to regulate temp of blood going to the testes
autonomic nerves of spermatic cord
travels with these vessels and innervates the testes
what are testes?
produce sperm and androgens
Testes are divided into lobules, separated by projections of the tunica albuginea called septa. Each lobule contains coiled seminiferous tubules which is where cells that become sperm and support sperm generation are located
what is the tunica vaginalis
visceral and parietal layers that cover testes. separated layers by serous fluid
tunica albuginea
thick fibrous capsule covering whole testes, deep to the visceral layer. Rigid
describe sperm movement
- sperm develop initially into seminiferous tubules located in the lobules of testes
- passing through the ducts, they enter the epidermis where sperm are stored until mature
(if sperm don’t leave the body, they are reabsorbed) - From the epididymis, sperm will travel into vas deferens up into abdominal cavity
ejaculatory duct
conducts sperm from the vas deferens and seminal fluid from seminal vesicle toward the prostate urethra