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Human Anatomy > Anatomy unit 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

coronal plane

A

anterior and posterior (front and back)

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2
Q

transverse plane

A

parallel to the ground, divides top and bottom

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3
Q

sagittal plane

A

cuts body in half to left and right

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4
Q

what is a body cavity

A

an open space within the body, think of putting fist into full balloon.

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5
Q

what is tricky about the quadrants of the body?

A

they are opposite directions for us because they are the side of the patient.
*this is helpful to diagnose and locate pain to further understand what might be the problem

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6
Q

what is tissue?

A

group of cells organized to perform one or more specific functions

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7
Q

what are the four types of tissue?

A

epithelia, connective, muscle, and nervous
*they make up the organ systems of our bodies

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8
Q

what is histology?

A

the study of the microscopic structure of tissues (under a microscope)
*tissue types are defined by their morphology and function

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9
Q

what is epithelia tissue?

A

tightly pack cells, little to no extracellular matrix (ECM)

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10
Q

what is the basal surface?

A

side of tissue that is connected to bones or muscle (the more internal/ deeper side of tissue)

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11
Q

what is the apical surface?

A

side of tissue that comes into contact with the external environment
Ex) stomach or skin

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12
Q

what is special about columnar cells?

A

the nucleus will always be closer to the basal surface

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13
Q

how many layers are simple epithelia tissues?

A

only one single layer thick, found in lung tissue and inner lining of blood vessels (why?- we want rapid gas exchange!)

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14
Q

describe simple squamous epithelia

A

only one cell layer thick, flat, found in lung tissue- for rapid gas exchange

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15
Q

describe simple cuboidal epithelia

A

boxes or cubes, single layer of cells, as tall as they are wide.
Found in kidney tubules, thyroid glands

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16
Q

connective tissue

A

cells are in a supportive matrix
- supports, protects and binds around organs
- made of cells, protein fibers and ground substance

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17
Q

what are the cells in connective tissue?

4

A

fibroblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes and immune cells

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18
Q

collagen fibers

A

long, strong, flexible, resistant to stretch (trunk of tree)

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19
Q

reticular fibers

A

tough, more flexible than collagen, smaller branches from the main trunk

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20
Q

elastic fibers

A

appear wavy, stretch and recoil, smallest branches at the very end of tree

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21
Q

what is ground substance?

A

molucular material, viscous, semisolid or solid. fluid and molecules travel through

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22
Q

what are the 5 epidermis layers?

A

corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

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23
Q

what cartilage is the most widespread?

A

hyaline cartilage

24
Q

two types of cartilage grow?

A
  • interstitial
  • appositional
25
Q

what is interstitial cartilage growth?

A

it grows from within and add length to the bone

26
Q

what is appositional cartilage growth?

A

it grows from the outside edge and adds width to the bone

27
Q

define ossification

A

bone growth

28
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

bone formation that takes place in flat bones such as the skull
this step comes after appositional growth
ex) hip bone, scapula

29
Q

endochondral ossification

A
  • how long bones develop
  • begins 8-12 weeks of gestation and continues throughout life
  • puberty is the ‘endpoint’ of bone growth
  • embryonic cartilaginous model is gradually replaced by bone
30
Q

osteon

A

basic building block of compact bone (grows like a tree)

31
Q

central canal

A

hole in middle of osteon, blood vessel is in the middle

32
Q

lamellae

A

thin membrane layer, rings of osteon

33
Q

canaliculi

A

a small duct, connects osteocytes to one another, allows to pass nutrients and allows communication

34
Q

lacunae

A

gaps or cavities containing bone cells, little baby nodes between rings (lamellae)

35
Q

describe nonciliated simple columnar epithelia

A

single layer of conciliated cells, taller than wide, nucleus is closer to basal surface.

36
Q

what do goblet cells do?

A

secrete mucus, found in most of the digestive tract

37
Q

describe ciliated simple columnar

A

single layer of ciliated cells, oval shape, found in lungs and trachea (help rid mucus), found in uterine tube

38
Q

ciliated pseudo stratified columnar

A

single layer of cells varying heights, goblet cells, all cells connect to basal membrane, but not all reach apical surface. found in nasal cavity

39
Q

keratinized stratified squamous

A

multilayered, basal cells are alive and cuboidal, apical surfaces are squamous, dead and filled with protein (keratin). Found in epidermis (which is why we don’t bleed right away)

40
Q

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

A

multiple layers, basal cells are cuboidal, apical = squamous, superficial cells are kept moist. Found in mouth, vagina and anus

41
Q

stratified cuboidal

A

two or more layers of cells, tall as they are wide. Found in exocrine glands, and ovarian follicles

42
Q

transitional epithelia

A

changes shape whether tissue is relaxed or distended (stretched). Found in uterus and bladder

43
Q

skeletal muscle

A

striated, voluntary, multinucleate, really long cylinders.

44
Q

cardiac muscles

A

striated, involuntary! pumping of heart
Cells: short, split/branched, intercalated discs

45
Q

what are intercalated discs?

A

gap junctions, which promote rapid conduction

46
Q

smooth muscle

A

no striations, involuntary, one nuclei, cells: spindle shaped, taper off at ends.
Found in intestines,, bladder, eyes, uterus.
Propels materials through organs (ex: childbirth)

47
Q

describe nervous tissue

A

structure: neurons, glial cells
found in: spinal cord, brain, nerves
function: receive, process and transmit nerve impulses, protect, nourish, and support neurons

48
Q

ground substance + protein fibers =?

A

ECM (extracellular matrix)

49
Q

what is areolar CT?

A

cell: fibroblast
few elastic and collagen fibers
lots of blood vessels
Found in: deeper layer of skin
subcutaneous layer under skin

50
Q

what is adipose CT?

A

no fibers
cell: adipocyte
- nucleus pushed to side, surrounded by fat
- highly vascularized- lots of blood vessels
found in subcutaneous layer
- surrounds and covers organs

51
Q

what is reticular CT?

A

cell: fibroblast
- lots of white blood cells
- viscous (watery) ground substance
- reticular vibers: only found in reticular tissue
found in spleen, lymph nodes

52
Q

what is dense regular CT?

A

cell: fibroblast
- densely packed collagen
- not well vascularized
found in tendons and ligaments– lots of strength

53
Q

what is dense irregular CT?

A

cell: fibroblast
- randomly arranged collagen fibers
- more ground substance than dense regular
- highly vascularized
- found in skin layers
- found covering bones, muscles and nerves

54
Q

what is elastic CT?

A

cell: fibroblast (few)
- densely packed elastic fibers- which allow for most elasticity found in arteries, trachea, and vocal cords

55
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

cell: chondrocyte
- glassy appearance of ground substance
- few collagen fibers
- found in nose, trachea, bronchi and costal cartilage (connects ribs to sternum)

56
Q
A

Human Anatomy (11 decks)

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