Anatomy unit 1 Flashcards
coronal plane
anterior and posterior (front and back)
transverse plane
parallel to the ground, divides top and bottom
sagittal plane
cuts body in half to left and right
what is a body cavity
an open space within the body, think of putting fist into full balloon.
what is tricky about the quadrants of the body?
they are opposite directions for us because they are the side of the patient.
*this is helpful to diagnose and locate pain to further understand what might be the problem
what is tissue?
group of cells organized to perform one or more specific functions
what are the four types of tissue?
epithelia, connective, muscle, and nervous
*they make up the organ systems of our bodies
what is histology?
the study of the microscopic structure of tissues (under a microscope)
*tissue types are defined by their morphology and function
what is epithelia tissue?
tightly pack cells, little to no extracellular matrix (ECM)
what is the basal surface?
side of tissue that is connected to bones or muscle (the more internal/ deeper side of tissue)
what is the apical surface?
side of tissue that comes into contact with the external environment
Ex) stomach or skin
what is special about columnar cells?
the nucleus will always be closer to the basal surface
how many layers are simple epithelia tissues?
only one single layer thick, found in lung tissue and inner lining of blood vessels (why?- we want rapid gas exchange!)
describe simple squamous epithelia
only one cell layer thick, flat, found in lung tissue- for rapid gas exchange
describe simple cuboidal epithelia
boxes or cubes, single layer of cells, as tall as they are wide.
Found in kidney tubules, thyroid glands
connective tissue
cells are in a supportive matrix
- supports, protects and binds around organs
- made of cells, protein fibers and ground substance
what are the cells in connective tissue?
4
fibroblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes and immune cells
collagen fibers
long, strong, flexible, resistant to stretch (trunk of tree)
reticular fibers
tough, more flexible than collagen, smaller branches from the main trunk
elastic fibers
appear wavy, stretch and recoil, smallest branches at the very end of tree
what is ground substance?
molucular material, viscous, semisolid or solid. fluid and molecules travel through
what are the 5 epidermis layers?
corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
what cartilage is the most widespread?
hyaline cartilage
two types of cartilage grow?
- interstitial
- appositional
what is interstitial cartilage growth?
it grows from within and add length to the bone
what is appositional cartilage growth?
it grows from the outside edge and adds width to the bone
define ossification
bone growth
intramembranous ossification
bone formation that takes place in flat bones such as the skull
this step comes after appositional growth
ex) hip bone, scapula
endochondral ossification
- how long bones develop
- begins 8-12 weeks of gestation and continues throughout life
- puberty is the ‘endpoint’ of bone growth
- embryonic cartilaginous model is gradually replaced by bone
osteon
basic building block of compact bone (grows like a tree)
central canal
hole in middle of osteon, blood vessel is in the middle
lamellae
thin membrane layer, rings of osteon
canaliculi
a small duct, connects osteocytes to one another, allows to pass nutrients and allows communication
lacunae
gaps or cavities containing bone cells, little baby nodes between rings (lamellae)
describe nonciliated simple columnar epithelia
single layer of conciliated cells, taller than wide, nucleus is closer to basal surface.
what do goblet cells do?
secrete mucus, found in most of the digestive tract
describe ciliated simple columnar
single layer of ciliated cells, oval shape, found in lungs and trachea (help rid mucus), found in uterine tube
ciliated pseudo stratified columnar
single layer of cells varying heights, goblet cells, all cells connect to basal membrane, but not all reach apical surface. found in nasal cavity
keratinized stratified squamous
multilayered, basal cells are alive and cuboidal, apical surfaces are squamous, dead and filled with protein (keratin). Found in epidermis (which is why we don’t bleed right away)
nonkeratinized stratified squamous
multiple layers, basal cells are cuboidal, apical = squamous, superficial cells are kept moist. Found in mouth, vagina and anus
stratified cuboidal
two or more layers of cells, tall as they are wide. Found in exocrine glands, and ovarian follicles
transitional epithelia
changes shape whether tissue is relaxed or distended (stretched). Found in uterus and bladder
skeletal muscle
striated, voluntary, multinucleate, really long cylinders.
cardiac muscles
striated, involuntary! pumping of heart
Cells: short, split/branched, intercalated discs
what are intercalated discs?
gap junctions, which promote rapid conduction
smooth muscle
no striations, involuntary, one nuclei, cells: spindle shaped, taper off at ends.
Found in intestines,, bladder, eyes, uterus.
Propels materials through organs (ex: childbirth)
describe nervous tissue
structure: neurons, glial cells
found in: spinal cord, brain, nerves
function: receive, process and transmit nerve impulses, protect, nourish, and support neurons
ground substance + protein fibers =?
ECM (extracellular matrix)
what is areolar CT?
cell: fibroblast
few elastic and collagen fibers
lots of blood vessels
Found in: deeper layer of skin
subcutaneous layer under skin
what is adipose CT?
no fibers
cell: adipocyte
- nucleus pushed to side, surrounded by fat
- highly vascularized- lots of blood vessels
found in subcutaneous layer
- surrounds and covers organs
what is reticular CT?
cell: fibroblast
- lots of white blood cells
- viscous (watery) ground substance
- reticular vibers: only found in reticular tissue
found in spleen, lymph nodes
what is dense regular CT?
cell: fibroblast
- densely packed collagen
- not well vascularized
found in tendons and ligaments– lots of strength
what is dense irregular CT?
cell: fibroblast
- randomly arranged collagen fibers
- more ground substance than dense regular
- highly vascularized
- found in skin layers
- found covering bones, muscles and nerves
what is elastic CT?
cell: fibroblast (few)
- densely packed elastic fibers- which allow for most elasticity found in arteries, trachea, and vocal cords
hyaline cartilage
cell: chondrocyte
- glassy appearance of ground substance
- few collagen fibers
- found in nose, trachea, bronchi and costal cartilage (connects ribs to sternum)
