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Human Anatomy > Nerves/ Nervous system > Flashcards

Nerves/ Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

central nervous system

A
  • brain and spinal cord
  • command center, processes nervous information
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2
Q

peripheral nervous system

A
  • sensory NS
  • motor NS
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3
Q

somatic sensory

A

sensory input from receptors (eyes, skin, mouth)

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4
Q

visceral sensory

A

sensory input not consciously perceiving

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5
Q

somatic motor

A

motor output consciously controlled
*effector is skeletal muscle

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6
Q

autonomic motor

A

motor output not consciously controlled
*effectors are cardiac, smooth muscle and glands

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7
Q

what is a neuron body

A

basic cell component
- nucleus, mitochondria etc
contains dendrites and axon hillock

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8
Q

what is a dendrite

A

conduct nerve impulses toward cell body

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9
Q

what is an axon hillock

A

triangular region, start of axon

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10
Q

what is an axon

A

long nerve cell process, make contact with other neurons, muscle cells etc

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11
Q

what is a Schwann cell

A

supportive nervous cells made of myelin that surround the axon, permits faster conduction of impulses

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12
Q

what are nodes of Ranvier

A

points of unmyelinated axon

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13
Q

what is axon terminal/ synaptic knob

A

site of neurotransmitter release

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14
Q

classification of neurons

A

unipolar
bipolar
multipolar

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15
Q

describe unipolar classification of neuron

A
  • most common sensory neuron
  • single short cell process extends from cell body, fusion of 2 processes into 1 long axon
    ex) motor sensory neurons
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16
Q

describe bipolar classification of neuron

A
  • uncommon, 2 nerve cell processes extend from cell body
    ex) olfactory epithelium, retina of eye
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17
Q

describe multipolar classification of neuron

A
  • most common type of neuron
  • multiple nerve cell processes extend from the body usualy one axon, many dendrites
    ex) interneurons, motor neurons
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18
Q

afferent neurons

A

-sensory
-detect stimuli from body and transmit to CNS
-unipolar
a for arrive

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19
Q

efferent neurons

A

-motor
-conduct nerve impulses from CNS to muscle or glands
-multipolar

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20
Q

interneurons

A

-found only in the CNS
-facilitates communication between afferent and efferent neurons
-multipolar

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21
Q

CNS glial cells
(AMEO)

A

neuron support cells
- astrocytes
- microglial cells
- ependymal cells
- oligodendrocytes

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22
Q

what is an astrocyte

A

-star-shaped, most common type of glial cell.
-in contact with neurons and capillaries
- form BBB and replace damaged neurons

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23
Q

what is a microglial cell

A
  • small cell with slender branches, least common type
    *defend against pathogens and remove debris (phagocytizes- eats garbage)
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24
Q

what is an ependymal cell

A
  • simple cuboidal epithelia cell lining in brain and spinal cord
  • secrete cerebral- spinal fluid
  • lines ventricles of brain and central canal of spine
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25
Q

what is an oligodendrocyte

A
  • rounded, bulb cell with small projections
  • extensions wrap around CNS
  • myelinates and insulated CNS axon, allows for faster nerve impulse conduction
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26
Q

PNS Glial cells
(SN)

A

satellite cells
neurolemmocyte (Schwann)

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27
Q

what is a satellite cell

A
  • flattened cell clustered around neuronal cell bodies in ganglion
  • protects/ regulates nutrients for cell bodies in ganglion
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28
Q

what is a neurolemmocyte (Schwann)

A

myelinated and insulates PNS axon which allows for faster nerve conduction through axon

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29
Q

what is the myelin sheath

A
  • high lipid content that wraps around axon and gives nerves their glossy- white appearance
  • neurolemmocyte myelinates one axon
  • oligodendrocytes myeline many axons
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30
Q

cranial nerves

A

nerves of the brain

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31
Q

olfactory nerve

A
  • CN I
  • very large
    function: sensory for smell (olfaction)
    exit from cranium: olfactory foramina in cribriform plate
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32
Q

optic nerve

A
  • CN II
    function: special sensation for vision
    exit from cranium: optic foramen/ canal
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33
Q

oculomotor nerve

A
  • CN III
    function: somatic motor to most extraocular muscles
    exit from cranium: superior orbital fissure
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34
Q

trochlear nerve

A
  • CN IV
    function: somatic motor to one extraocular muscle
    exit from cranium: superior orbital fissure
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35
Q

trigeminal nerve

A
  • CN V
    funciton: 3 divisions- ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular (V1,2,3)
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36
Q

abducens nerve

A
  • CN VI
    function: somatic motor to one extra ocular muscle
    exit from cranium: superior orbital fissure
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37
Q

ophthalmic division of trigeminal

A
  • V1
    function: general sensation from skin of face, cornea and sinuses
    exit from cranium: superior orbital fissure
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38
Q

maxillary verve of trigeminal

A
  • V2
    function: general sensation from skin of face, palate, and maxillary teeth, paranasal sinuses
    exit from cranium: foramen rotundum
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39
Q

mandibular nerve of trigeminal

A
  • V3
    function: general sensation from skin of face, anterior tongue, mandibular teeth
    exit from cranium: foramen ovale
    somatic motor to: muscles of mastication (temporalis/ masseter) and mylohyoid
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40
Q

facial nerve

A
  • CN VII
  • 5 branches and 1 single nerve
    • temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, and cervical branches
    • posterior auricular nerve
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41
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve

A
  • CN VIII
    function: special sensation- hearing, vestibular sense (balance)
    exits from cranium: internal auditory meatus
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42
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve

A
  • CN IX
    function: sensation from posterior tongue and middle ear cavity
    special sensation from: taste from posterior tongue, baroreception from carotid sinus, chemoreception from carotid body
    parasympathetics: to pharynx muscle
    exits from cranium:jugular foramen
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43
Q

vagus nerve

A
  • CN X
    function: general sensation from larynx and pharynx
    special sensation: taste from epiglottis
    somatic motor to: most of palate muscles, pharyngeal muscles, and muscles of larynx
    parasympathetics: to thoracic/ abdominal viscera
    exits from cranium: jugular foramen
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44
Q

accessory nerve

A
  • CN XI
    function: somatic motor to trapezius, sternocleidomastoid
    exits from cranium: jugular foramen
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45
Q

hypoglossal nerve

A
  • CN XII
    function: somatic motor to muscles of tongue
    exits from cranium: hypoglossal foramen
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46
Q

where does the cervical nerve travel through?

A

C1- C8

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47
Q

where does the thoracic nerve travel through?

A

T1- T-12

48
Q

where does the lumbar nerve travel through?

A

L1- L5

49
Q

where does the sacral nerve travel through?

A

S1- S5

50
Q

conus medullaris

A

end inverted triangular part of the spinal cord where all the nerves are still bundled together

51
Q

cauda equina

A

dorsal and ventral nerve roots that are no longer surrounded by dura mater

52
Q

filum terminale

A

extension of Pia mater from the conus medullar is that attaches to coccyx and anchor spinal cord

53
Q

horn=?

A

gray matter (inner stuff)

54
Q

funiculus/ funiculi=?

A

white matter (outer layer)

55
Q

what does the lumbar plexus include?

A

femoral nerve
obturator nerve
*can’t see on leg model

56
Q

femoral nerve

A

L2-L4
Motor innervation to:
- quad muscles (4)
- iliopsoas
- sartorius
- pectinous
sensory innervation to:
- anterior/ medial aspect of thigh
- medial aspect of leg
- medial aspect of foot

57
Q

obturator nerve

A

L2-L4
motor innervation to:
- adductor muscles
- gracilis
- pectinous
sensory innervation to:
- superior medial thigh

58
Q

what does the sacral plexus include?

A

L5- S4
sciatic nerve
tibial nerve
common fibular nerve
deep fibular nerve
superficial fibular nerve

59
Q

sciatic nerve

A

L4-S3
take off gluteus Maximus to see
composed on 2 nerves wrapped around in common CT sheath

60
Q

tibial nerve

A

L4- S3
motor innervation to:
- hamstring muscles, excluding short head of biceps femoris
- posterior leg muscles
- foot muscles
sensory innervation to:
- heel and sole of the foot

61
Q

common fibular nerve

A

L4- S2
motor innervation to:
- short head of biceps femoris
- others once split into deep and superficial
sensory innervation to:
- see deep and superficial nerve parts

62
Q

deep fibular nerve

A

L4- S1
motor innervation to:
- anterior leg muscles
- foot muscles
sensory innervation to:
- space between hallux and second digit (flip flop area- big toe and 2nd toe)

63
Q

superficial fibular nerve

A

L5- S2
motor innervation to:
- fibulas longus and brevis
sensory innervation to:
- anterior inferior part of leg
- dorm of the foot

64
Q

parasympathetic functions

A
  • maintain homeostasis
  • pre-ganglionic cell bodies (found in brainstem, S2, S3, S4)
  • local response
  • long preganglionic axon
  • short postganglionic axon
  • no rami communicates
65
Q

sympathetic functions

A
  • prepares body for emergencies
  • preganglionic cells found in T1- L2 (thoracolumbar)
  • short preganglionic axon with many branches
  • white rami attach T1-L2
  • mass and local activations
66
Q

sense of touch

A

receptive fields, varies across the body
- don’t need super specific touch on back
- DO need specific touch detection in fingers because they are in charge of precise movementthy

67
Q

types of sensory receptors

A

exteroreceptors
interoceptors
proprioceptors

68
Q

exteroceptors

A

detect stimuli in external environment
ex) sensory receptors within skin, nose, mouth

69
Q

interoceptors

A

detect stimuli within body
ex) sensory receptors within blood vessel walls

70
Q

proprioceptors

A

detect stimuli within joint, skeletal muscle and tendons
ex) joint receptors, spindles

71
Q

what are chemoreceptors

A

chemicals dissolved in fluid
ex) taste

72
Q

what are thermoreceptors

A

changes in temperature
ex) skin

73
Q

what are photoreceptors

A

changes in light intensity, color and movement
ex) eye

74
Q

what are mechanoreceptors

A

physical deformation of plasma membrane due to touch, pressure, or vibration
ex) tactile receptors in skin

75
Q

what are noiciceptors

A

detect pain stimuli
ex) pain receptors present in almost all organs

76
Q

sense of taste is called

A

gustation

77
Q

where are gustatory cells found

A

taste buds

78
Q

3 things taste buds contain

A
  • gustatory cells: detect tastant
  • supporting cells: sustain gustatory cells
  • basal cells: replace short-lived gustatory cells
79
Q

papillae of the tongue

A

filiform
fungiform
vallate
foliate

80
Q

filiform papillae

A

short, bristle-like, found on anterior 2/3 of tongue.
mechanical function
no gustation role

81
Q

fungiform papillae

A

mushroom shaped
found on tip/sides of tongue
each contain only a few taste buds

82
Q

vallate papillae

A

least numerous, but very large.
found as inverted V on back on tongue
surrounded by deep depression where taste buds are found

83
Q

foliate papillae

A

extend as ridges on posterior lateral tongue.
have few taste buds during infancy/ childhood, but go away as we age

84
Q

Gustatory discrimination

what are the 5 tastes we can taste

A
  • sweet
  • salty
  • sour
  • bitter
  • umami (meaty flavor)
85
Q

sense of smell

A

olfaction

86
Q

describe olfaction

A

molecules must be dissolved in the mucus of nasal cavity to be detected

87
Q

4 parts to olfactory epithelium

A
  • olfactory receptor cells
  • supporting cells
  • basal cells
  • lamina propria
88
Q

olfactory receptor cells

A

detects odor, olfactory neurons

89
Q

supporting cells

A

sandwich olfactory neurons and sustaint the receptors, sustentacular cells

90
Q

basal cells

A

function as neuronal stem cells, continually replace olfactory receptor cells
olfactory cells are one of the few neuronal types that get replaced

91
Q

lamina propria

A

areolar CT that houses the olfactory glands that produce mucus that convert the olfactory epithelium

92
Q

sense of sight

A

vision

93
Q

external anatomy of the eyes

A
  • eyebrows
  • eyelashes
  • eyelids
  • medial and lateral palpebral commissures (corner of eye)
94
Q

conjunctiva

A

external accessory structure of eye
- special stratified columnar epithelia
- forms continuous lining over external portion of eye
- maintains goblet cells that lubricate the eye

95
Q

cornea

A

fibrous tunic/ external layer
2 layers of epithelium with collagen in the middle, forms anterior layer of the eye, transmits/ retracts incoming light

96
Q

sclera

A

fibrous tunic/ external layer
dense regular CT
posterior covering of the eye: the ‘white’ of the eye
supports eye shape/ protects it

97
Q

choroid

A

vascular tunic/ middle layer
areolar CT, highly vascularized.
forms posterior 2/3 of middle wall of eye. supplies nourishment to retina***

98
Q

ciliary body

A

vascular tunic/ middle layer
ciliary smooth muscles and inner secretory epithelium.
between choroid and iris anteriorly

99
Q

iris

A

vascular tunic/ middle layer
2 layers of smooth muscle with central opening (pupil)
control pupil diameter- which allows a certain amount of light in

100
Q

pigmented layer

A

retina/ internal layer
pigmented epithelial cells/ supporting cells.
outermost portion of retina- directly adheres to choroid.
absorbs extraneous light, provides vitamin A to photoreceptors

101
Q

neural layer

A

retina/ internal layer
photoreceptors, bipolar neurons and ganglion cells.
inner portion of retina
detects incoming light rays; which are converted to nerve impulses and transmitted to the brain

102
Q

lens

A

cavity of eye
strong, deformable transparent structure held in place by dense fibrous capsule

103
Q

aqueous humor

A

cavity of eye
gel-like substance found in anterior and posterior chambers between cornea and iris & iris and lens

104
Q

vitreous humor

A

cavity of eye
gel-like substance found in space between lens and retina

105
Q

equilibrium and hearing

A

ears and hearing

106
Q

auricle

A

(external ear)
skin covered cartilaginous structure

107
Q

external acoustic meatus

A

(external ear)
funnel-shaped tube

108
Q

tympanic membrane

A

(external ear)
delicate epithelial sheet, partition between external and middle ear

109
Q

auditory tube

A

(middle ear, tympanic cavity)
Eustachian tube

110
Q

auditory ossicles

A

(middle ear, tympanic cavity)
connects middle ear and where our mouth/ nose connect
- malleus
- incus
- stapes
*stapes articulates with oval window to transmit sound waves to the inner ear

111
Q

what does the malleus look like?

A

hammer

112
Q

what does the incus look like?

A

anvil

113
Q

what does the stapes look like?

A

stirrup

114
Q

semicircular canals

A

(inner ear) CN VII
anterior, posterior, horizontal fluid movement within these canals help the brain determine movement of body

115
Q

vestibule

A

(inner ear) CN VII
utricle and saccule= sense gravity and linear acceleration to maintain equilibrium and balance

116
Q

cochlea

A

(inner ear) CN VII
sense sound as vibrations and turn these vibrations into nerve impulses which are perceived as audible sound in the brain

Human Anatomy (11 decks)

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