Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Anatomy > Respiratory/ Endocrine > Flashcards

Respiratory/ Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

what is included in the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • sinuses
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • oral cavity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is included in the lower respiratory tract?

A
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

functions of the respiratory system

A

gas exchange, gas conditioning, sound production, olfaction, defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the two types of gas exchange?

A

external and internal respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

external respiration

A

between atmosphere and blood, occurs in lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

internal respiration

A

between blood and cells of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is gas conditioning?

A

inhaled gas is “conditioned” (warmed/ moistened)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how does defense fit with the respiratory system?

A

mucus glands, nose hairs, nasal concha, protects against pathogens and microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

pharynx

A

originates posterior to nasal/ oral cavity, “throat”
3 subcategories:
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe the nasopharynx

A

*conducts air, peduostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, pharyngeal tonsils on posterior wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe the oropharynx

A

*conducts air, passageway for food, nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia, posterior to oral cavity, extends between soft palate and level of hyoid bone
(LO= food and air)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe the laryngopharynx

A

*conducts air, passageway for food, nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia, extends from level of hyoid bone to start of esophagus
(LO= food and air)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

larynx functions

A

passageway for air, prevents ingested food from entering respiratory tract, produces sound for speech, participates in sneeze and cough reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

vocal and vestibular ligaments

A

both originate on inner anterior part of thyroid cartilage and insert onto anterior aspect of arytenoid cartilages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

trachea features (4)

A

tracheal cartilage, angular ligaments, trachealis muscle, psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is tracheal cartilage

A

“C” shaped hyaline cartilage rings that hold airway open, ~15-20 in an adult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are angular ligaments

A

elastic CT sheets, connect tracheal cartilages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the trachealis muscle

A

hold end of “C” shape together, distention of muscle when swallowing.
Esophagus is directly posterior to trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does the psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelia in the trachea do?

A

produces productive mucous made by goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

branches of the brachial tree

A

main, lobar, segmental, smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

main bronchi

A

first two branches off trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

lobar bronchi

A

they go to separate lobes of lungs. 3 on right, 2 on left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

segmental bronchi

A

next level division off each lobar bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

smaller bronchi

A

become smaller and smaller, eventually becoming bronchioles and then becoming alveolar clusters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

differences between L/R lunch bronchi?

A

Right: more straight & inferior
Left: more laterally, only has 2 lobes, needs to avoid the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

list the bronchiole progression

A

smaller bronchi– terminal bronchiole– respiratory bronchiole– alveolar ducts– alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

alveolar sacs

A

surrounded by elastic fibers and pulmonary capillary beds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

parietal pleura

A

attach to thoracic wall and diaphragm
- outer pleural layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

visceral pleura

A

adhered directly to the surface on lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

pleural cavity

A

space between visceral and parietal pleura
*surfactant: keeps tension between lungs and thoracic wall to prevent lungs from collapsing

31
Q

what is surfactant

A

keeps tension between lungs and thoracic wall to prevent lungs from collapsing

32
Q

features of the right lung

A
  • superior/middle/inferior lobe
  • horizontal fissure (separates inf. and sup. lobes)
  • oblique fissure (separates inf. and middle and sup. lobes)
33
Q

features of the left lung

A
  • superior/inferior lobe
  • oblique fissure
  • cardiac notch
  • lingula
34
Q

hilum

A

bronchi and blood vessels enter and exit lung

35
Q

costodiaphragm

A

space between diaphragm and wall of thoracic cavity
**needle can be inserted to remove fluid or equalize pressure

36
Q

diaphragm

A

large skeletal muscle separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
*mainly in charge of respiration

37
Q

endocrine system

A

regulates diverse processes in the body
How? secrete hormones into blood stream

38
Q

what are the glands in the endocrine system?

A

pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal

39
Q

organs/ structures with endocrine cells

A

hypothalamus, thymus, heart, kidney, digestive system, pancreas, testes (male), ovaries (female)

40
Q

what do both the nervous and endocrine systems have in common

A

they both use pathways to bring a signal to their effector organ or tissue.

41
Q

how many pathways of control in endocrine communication?

A

3
- produces regulatory hormones that stimulate or inhibit anterior pituitary hormone secretion
- produces ADH and oxytocin, stored in/ released from posterior pituitary gland
- hypothalamus is control center of ANS; stimulates hormone secretion of adrenal medulla via sympathetic innervation

42
Q

anterior pituitary components

A
  • pars tuberalis
  • pars intermedia
  • pars distalis
43
Q

what is pars tuberalis?

A

thin wrapping around the infundibular stalk (infundibulum)

44
Q

what is pars intermedia

A

thin boundary between anterior and posterior pituitary

45
Q

what is pars distalis?

A
  • large anterior portion of anterior pituitary
  • sits in the hypophyseal fossa in sella turcica of sphenoid bone
46
Q

what are the 4 anterior pituitary gland hormones?

A

thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH)
prolactin
follicle- stimulating & luteinizing hormone (FSH & LH)
growth hormone (GH)

47
Q

what does thyroid- stimulating hormone do?

A

TSH
stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone

48
Q

what does prolactin do?

A

PRL
acts on mammary glands to simulate milk production

49
Q

what does follicle- stimulating & luteinizing hormone do?

A

FSH & LH
act on gonads (testes/ovaries) to stimulate development of gametes (sperm/ egg cells) and releases hormones

50
Q

what does growth hormone do?

A

GH
stimulates release of insulin like growth factor (IGF) from liver which acts on all body tissues, especially bone, cartilage, muscle, and adipose CT to stimulate growth

51
Q

posterior pituitary components

A
  • infundibular stalk
  • pars nervosa
52
Q

what is the infundibular stalk?

A

connection between infundibular and posterior pituitary gland

53
Q

what is the pars nervosa?

A

rounded lobe that composes the main portion of posterior pituitary

54
Q

posterior pituitary tracts and nuclei

A

oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone

55
Q

what does oxytocin do?

A

produced in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and moved into the posterior pituitary for storage via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

56
Q

what does antidiuretic hormone do?

A

ADH
produced in supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus and move into posterior pituitary for storage via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

57
Q

what gland is the largest endocrine gland?

A

thyroid gland

58
Q

describe the thyroid gland

A
  • R/L lobes connected by an isthmus
  • anterior to trachea and below thyroid cartilage
  • parathyroid glands found on posterior side
59
Q

what are the thyroid hormones

A

thyroid hormone (TH)
calcitonin

60
Q

what is thyroid hormone

A

TH
produced by follicular cells of thyroid gland

61
Q

what is calcitonin

A
  • produced by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland
  • reduced calcium levels in the body; decreases reabsorption by osteoclasts and increases calcium loss through calcium
    (TOO HIGH CALCIUM LEVELS)
62
Q

what is parathyroid hormone

A

PTH
- produced by cells in parathyroid gland
- **increases calcium levels in blood through bone reabsorption **
- function against calcitonin. both deal with calcium but do opposite function
(NOT ENOUGH CALCIUM)

63
Q

structures in the adrenal glands

A

cortex and medulla

64
Q

what is the cortex

A
  • outer layer of adrenal gland
  • stimulated by ACTH from anterior pituitary
  • hormones: release aldosterone (electrolytes), glucocorticoids (stress) and gonadocortioids (sex)
65
Q

what is the medulla

A
  • inner layer of adrenal gland
  • nervous stimulation by preganglionic axons of sympathetic ANS
  • hormones: epinephrine and norepinephrine (prolong fight/flight response)— why people feel shaky after fight/ flight event
66
Q

what is the pancreas

A

helps with digestion, divided into 4 regions: head, neck, body and tail

67
Q

what are the hormones is the pancreas?

A

glucagon and insulin

68
Q

what is glucagon

A

produced by pancreatic islet cells
- increases blood glucose levels, glycogen breakdown in liver cells, lipid breakdown in adipose cells
- released if the body needs more glucose in system

69
Q

what is insulin

A

produced by pancreatic islet cells
- decreases glucose levels in body, glucose transport into target cells promotes lipid formation and storage

70
Q

what is glycogen

A

what glucose is converted into for storage

71
Q

what is the pineal gland

A
  • secrete melatonin which makes us drowsy
  • in charge of our sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythm)
72
Q

what is the thymus

A
  • site of maturation of T-lymphocytes in children
  • large in children/ adolescence
  • diminishes in size as we age (found as non functioning fat tissue in adults)
73
Q
A

Human Anatomy (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions