Respiratory/ Endocrine Flashcards
what is included in the upper respiratory tract?
- sinuses
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- oral cavity
what is included in the lower respiratory tract?
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
functions of the respiratory system
gas exchange, gas conditioning, sound production, olfaction, defense
what are the two types of gas exchange?
external and internal respiration
external respiration
between atmosphere and blood, occurs in lungs
internal respiration
between blood and cells of the body
what is gas conditioning?
inhaled gas is “conditioned” (warmed/ moistened)
how does defense fit with the respiratory system?
mucus glands, nose hairs, nasal concha, protects against pathogens and microorganisms
pharynx
originates posterior to nasal/ oral cavity, “throat”
3 subcategories:
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
describe the nasopharynx
*conducts air, peduostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, pharyngeal tonsils on posterior wall
describe the oropharynx
*conducts air, passageway for food, nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia, posterior to oral cavity, extends between soft palate and level of hyoid bone
(LO= food and air)
describe the laryngopharynx
*conducts air, passageway for food, nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia, extends from level of hyoid bone to start of esophagus
(LO= food and air)
larynx functions
passageway for air, prevents ingested food from entering respiratory tract, produces sound for speech, participates in sneeze and cough reflexes
vocal and vestibular ligaments
both originate on inner anterior part of thyroid cartilage and insert onto anterior aspect of arytenoid cartilages
trachea features (4)
tracheal cartilage, angular ligaments, trachealis muscle, psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelia
what is tracheal cartilage
“C” shaped hyaline cartilage rings that hold airway open, ~15-20 in an adult
what are angular ligaments
elastic CT sheets, connect tracheal cartilages
what is the trachealis muscle
hold end of “C” shape together, distention of muscle when swallowing.
Esophagus is directly posterior to trachea
what does the psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelia in the trachea do?
produces productive mucous made by goblet cells
branches of the brachial tree
main, lobar, segmental, smaller
main bronchi
first two branches off trachea
lobar bronchi
they go to separate lobes of lungs. 3 on right, 2 on left
segmental bronchi
next level division off each lobar bronchi
smaller bronchi
become smaller and smaller, eventually becoming bronchioles and then becoming alveolar clusters
differences between L/R lunch bronchi?
Right: more straight & inferior
Left: more laterally, only has 2 lobes, needs to avoid the heart
list the bronchiole progression
smaller bronchi– terminal bronchiole– respiratory bronchiole– alveolar ducts– alveoli
alveolar sacs
surrounded by elastic fibers and pulmonary capillary beds
parietal pleura
attach to thoracic wall and diaphragm
- outer pleural layer
visceral pleura
adhered directly to the surface on lungs
pleural cavity
space between visceral and parietal pleura
*surfactant: keeps tension between lungs and thoracic wall to prevent lungs from collapsing
what is surfactant
keeps tension between lungs and thoracic wall to prevent lungs from collapsing
features of the right lung
- superior/middle/inferior lobe
- horizontal fissure (separates inf. and sup. lobes)
- oblique fissure (separates inf. and middle and sup. lobes)
features of the left lung
- superior/inferior lobe
- oblique fissure
- cardiac notch
- lingula
hilum
bronchi and blood vessels enter and exit lung
costodiaphragm
space between diaphragm and wall of thoracic cavity
**needle can be inserted to remove fluid or equalize pressure
diaphragm
large skeletal muscle separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
*mainly in charge of respiration
endocrine system
regulates diverse processes in the body
How? secrete hormones into blood stream
what are the glands in the endocrine system?
pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal
organs/ structures with endocrine cells
hypothalamus, thymus, heart, kidney, digestive system, pancreas, testes (male), ovaries (female)
what do both the nervous and endocrine systems have in common
they both use pathways to bring a signal to their effector organ or tissue.
how many pathways of control in endocrine communication?
3
- produces regulatory hormones that stimulate or inhibit anterior pituitary hormone secretion
- produces ADH and oxytocin, stored in/ released from posterior pituitary gland
- hypothalamus is control center of ANS; stimulates hormone secretion of adrenal medulla via sympathetic innervation
anterior pituitary components
- pars tuberalis
- pars intermedia
- pars distalis
what is pars tuberalis?
thin wrapping around the infundibular stalk (infundibulum)
what is pars intermedia
thin boundary between anterior and posterior pituitary
what is pars distalis?
- large anterior portion of anterior pituitary
- sits in the hypophyseal fossa in sella turcica of sphenoid bone
what are the 4 anterior pituitary gland hormones?
thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH)
prolactin
follicle- stimulating & luteinizing hormone (FSH & LH)
growth hormone (GH)
what does thyroid- stimulating hormone do?
TSH
stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone
what does prolactin do?
PRL
acts on mammary glands to simulate milk production
what does follicle- stimulating & luteinizing hormone do?
FSH & LH
act on gonads (testes/ovaries) to stimulate development of gametes (sperm/ egg cells) and releases hormones
what does growth hormone do?
GH
stimulates release of insulin like growth factor (IGF) from liver which acts on all body tissues, especially bone, cartilage, muscle, and adipose CT to stimulate growth
posterior pituitary components
- infundibular stalk
- pars nervosa
what is the infundibular stalk?
connection between infundibular and posterior pituitary gland
what is the pars nervosa?
rounded lobe that composes the main portion of posterior pituitary
posterior pituitary tracts and nuclei
oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone
what does oxytocin do?
produced in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and moved into the posterior pituitary for storage via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
what does antidiuretic hormone do?
ADH
produced in supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus and move into posterior pituitary for storage via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
what gland is the largest endocrine gland?
thyroid gland
describe the thyroid gland
- R/L lobes connected by an isthmus
- anterior to trachea and below thyroid cartilage
- parathyroid glands found on posterior side
what are the thyroid hormones
thyroid hormone (TH)
calcitonin
what is thyroid hormone
TH
produced by follicular cells of thyroid gland
what is calcitonin
- produced by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland
-
reduced calcium levels in the body; decreases reabsorption by osteoclasts and increases calcium loss through calcium
(TOO HIGH CALCIUM LEVELS)
what is parathyroid hormone
PTH
- produced by cells in parathyroid gland
- **increases calcium levels in blood through bone reabsorption **
- function against calcitonin. both deal with calcium but do opposite function
(NOT ENOUGH CALCIUM)
structures in the adrenal glands
cortex and medulla
what is the cortex
- outer layer of adrenal gland
- stimulated by ACTH from anterior pituitary
- hormones: release aldosterone (electrolytes), glucocorticoids (stress) and gonadocortioids (sex)
what is the medulla
- inner layer of adrenal gland
- nervous stimulation by preganglionic axons of sympathetic ANS
- hormones: epinephrine and norepinephrine (prolong fight/flight response)— why people feel shaky after fight/ flight event
what is the pancreas
helps with digestion, divided into 4 regions: head, neck, body and tail
what are the hormones is the pancreas?
glucagon and insulin
what is glucagon
produced by pancreatic islet cells
- increases blood glucose levels, glycogen breakdown in liver cells, lipid breakdown in adipose cells
- released if the body needs more glucose in system
what is insulin
produced by pancreatic islet cells
- decreases glucose levels in body, glucose transport into target cells promotes lipid formation and storage
what is glycogen
what glucose is converted into for storage
what is the pineal gland
- secrete melatonin which makes us drowsy
- in charge of our sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythm)
what is the thymus
- site of maturation of T-lymphocytes in children
- large in children/ adolescence
- diminishes in size as we age (found as non functioning fat tissue in adults)
