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Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 examples of metabolic waste products?

A

Carbon dioxide and water
Nitrogenous wastes (urea)
Bile salts and pigments
Various salts

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2
Q

What are the 4 routes for waste product elimination?

A

Respiratory system - carbon dioxide, water vapor
Sweat glands - water, salts, urea
Digestive system - bile salts, pigments
Urinary system - urea, salts, water, other soluble waste products

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3
Q

What are the 4 parts of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

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4
Q

What is the primary function of the kidney?

A

Production of urine to facilitate elimination of metabolic waste materials

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5
Q

How do the kidneys maintain homeostasis?

A

Blood filtration, reabsorption, secretion
Fluid balance regulation
Acid-base balance regulation
Production of hormones
Blood pressure regulation

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6
Q

What hormones help in fluid balance regulation?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone

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7
Q

What hormones are produced in the kidneys?

A

Erythropoietin, prostaglandins

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8
Q

The kidneys are located _______________ to the abdominal cavity

A

Retroperitoneal

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9
Q

Which kidney is located more cranially except in pigs?

A

Right kidney

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10
Q

What is the hilus and what does it contain?

A

Indented area on medial side - ureters, nerves, blood and lymph vessels enter/ leave

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11
Q

What is the funnel-shaped area inside the hilus called?

A

Renal pelvis

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12
Q

What 3 parts make up the gross anatomy of the kidney?

A

Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Calyx

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13
Q

What is the basic functional unit of the kidney?

A

The nephron

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14
Q

What does the nephron contain?

A

Renal corpuscle
PCT
Loop of Henle
DCT

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15
Q

What makes up the renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus surrounded by the Bowman’s capsule

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16
Q

What happens in the renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerular filtrate - Blood is filtered by the glomerular capillaries in the first stage of urine production

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17
Q

What is glomerular filtrate called in the PCT?

A

Tubular filtrate

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18
Q

The DCT is the primary site of what?

A

ADH action, regulation of potassium and acid-base balance

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19
Q

What does the DCT empty into?

A

Collecting duct

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20
Q

What nervous system supplies the kidneys and what does it do?

A

Sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system - sympathetic stimulation causes vasoconstriction of renal vessels

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21
Q

How is blood supplied to the kidneys?

A

Through the renal artery that enters at the hilus

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22
Q

What does the renal artery subdivide into?

A

Afferent glomerular arterioles

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23
Q

Where is blood carried from the afferent glomerular arterioles?

A

To the renal corpuscle

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24
Q

What happens in the peritubular capillaries?

A

Oxygen transfer to cells of nephron
Tubular reabsorption/ secretion occurs here

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25
Where does blood filtration occur?
Renal corpuscle
26
High blood pressure in glomerular capillaries causes what to happen?
Forces some plasma into capsular space of Bowman's capsule
27
Glomerular filtrate lacks what?
Protein
28
Pores in the capillary endothelium that help transfer plasma out of the glomerular capillaries
Fenestrations
29
What is the term used to describe how fast plasma is filtered as it passes through the glomerulus and what does it depend on?
Glomerular filtration rate - depends on rate of blood flow to the kidney
30
What is reabsorption?
When useful substances leave the tubules of the nephron and enter into the blood of the peritubular capillaries
31
What are the 9 substances that get reabsorbed?
Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, glucose, amino acids, chloride, bicarbonate, water
32
Where/ how is sodium reabsorbed?
In the PCT, ascending LOH, DCT by a carrier protein
33
What 3 things is sodium usually exchanged for?
Hydrogen, ammonium, potassium ions
34
Where are potassium and calcium reabsorbed?
PCT, ascending LOH, DCT
35
What does calcium move under the influence of?
Vitamin D, PTH, calcitonin
36
Where is magnesium reabsorbed?
PCT, ascending LOH, CD
37
What increases the reabsorption of magnesium?
PTH
38
What happens in response to electrical imbalance created by sodium removal?
Chloride ions diffuse from tubular filtrate into epithelial cells and interstitial space
39
What happens after sodium, glucose, amino acids and chloride have left the tubular filtrate?
Some of the water in the filtrate moves by osmosis into the interstitial space and peritubular capillaries
40
___________ is one of the waste products the body wants to get rid of, but some of it also gets reabsorbed and its levels can be measured as the BUN
Urea
41
Secretion primarily occurs where?
DCT
42
What waste products are eliminated by secretion?
Hydrogen, potassium, ammonia and some medications
43
Urine volume regulation is controlled by what two hormones?
Antidiuretic hormone - if absent polyuria results Aldosterone
44
How do the kidneys regulate blood pressure?
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - Response to low blood pressure Renin released - splits angiotensin enzyme Sodium + water reabsorbed back into bloodstream Blood volume increases - so does blood pressure
45
Tubes that exit the kidney and connect to the urinary bladder
Ureters
46
Arrangement of openings of ureters into the bladder and opening from the bladder into the urethra
Trigone
47
What part of the kidney do the ureters leave from?
Hilus
48
What 3 layers of tissue are the ureters composed of?
Outer fibrous layer Middle muscular layer Inner epithelial layer
49
What does the middle muscular layer of the ureters do and what type of muscle is it?
Smooth muscle - propels urine by peristalsis
50
What does the inner epithelial layer of the ureters allow for?
Allows ureters to stretch when urine passes through
51
How do the ureters prevent backup of urine into the ureters?
The openings collapse when the bladder is full
52
What are the two parts of the bladder?
Muscular sac Neck
53
What type of epithelium makes up the bladder?
Transitional epithelium - stretches as bladder fills with urine
54
What muscle contracts to expel urine from the bladder?
Detrusor muscle
55
What provides voluntary control over the urination process?
Circular sphincter muscles around the neck of the bladder
56
What are 2 other words used for urination?
Micturition, uresis
57
What is the process of urine accumulation?
Bladder constantly accumulates urine Stretch receptors are activated Pressure of filling of bladder reaches trigger point
58
What is the process of muscle contraction when the bladder is full?
Spinal reflex activated Motor impulse sent to detrusor muscle Smooth muscle in bladder wall contracts Bladder is emptied if animal not housebroken
59
What is sphincter muscle control when the bladder is full?
Allows for temporary control of urination The fuller the bladder, the more pressure on the sphincter muscle Eventually relaxes - urine released
60
Where is the urethra located and what does it do?
Continuation of the neck of the bladder - carries urine from the bladder to external environment
61
What are the characteristics of the female urethra?
Short and straight Opens on the ventral portion of the vestibule of the vulva Lined with transitional epithelium allowing it to expand
62
What are the characteristics of the male urethra?
Long and curved Runs along the ventral aspect of the penis Lined with transitional epithelium allowing it to expand

Anatomy (10 decks)

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