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Anatomy > Urinary > Flashcards

Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 examples of metabolic waste products?

A

Carbon dioxide and water
Nitrogenous wastes (urea)
Bile salts and pigments
Various salts

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2
Q

What are the 4 routes for waste product elimination?

A

Respiratory system - carbon dioxide, water vapor
Sweat glands - water, salts, urea
Digestive system - bile salts, pigments
Urinary system - urea, salts, water, other soluble waste products

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3
Q

What are the 4 parts of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

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4
Q

What is the primary function of the kidney?

A

Production of urine to facilitate elimination of metabolic waste materials

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5
Q

How do the kidneys maintain homeostasis?

A

Blood filtration, reabsorption, secretion
Fluid balance regulation
Acid-base balance regulation
Production of hormones
Blood pressure regulation

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6
Q

What hormones help in fluid balance regulation?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone

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7
Q

What hormones are produced in the kidneys?

A

Erythropoietin, prostaglandins

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8
Q

The kidneys are located _______________ to the abdominal cavity

A

Retroperitoneal

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9
Q

Which kidney is located more cranially except in pigs?

A

Right kidney

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10
Q

What is the hilus and what does it contain?

A

Indented area on medial side - ureters, nerves, blood and lymph vessels enter/ leave

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11
Q

What is the funnel-shaped area inside the hilus called?

A

Renal pelvis

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12
Q

What 3 parts make up the gross anatomy of the kidney?

A

Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Calyx

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13
Q

What is the basic functional unit of the kidney?

A

The nephron

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14
Q

What does the nephron contain?

A

Renal corpuscle
PCT
Loop of Henle
DCT

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15
Q

What makes up the renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus surrounded by the Bowman’s capsule

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16
Q

What happens in the renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerular filtrate - Blood is filtered by the glomerular capillaries in the first stage of urine production

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17
Q

What is glomerular filtrate called in the PCT?

A

Tubular filtrate

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18
Q

The DCT is the primary site of what?

A

ADH action, regulation of potassium and acid-base balance

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19
Q

What does the DCT empty into?

A

Collecting duct

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20
Q

What nervous system supplies the kidneys and what does it do?

A

Sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system - sympathetic stimulation causes vasoconstriction of renal vessels

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21
Q

How is blood supplied to the kidneys?

A

Through the renal artery that enters at the hilus

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22
Q

What does the renal artery subdivide into?

A

Afferent glomerular arterioles

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23
Q

Where is blood carried from the afferent glomerular arterioles?

A

To the renal corpuscle

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24
Q

What happens in the peritubular capillaries?

A

Oxygen transfer to cells of nephron
Tubular reabsorption/ secretion occurs here

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25
Q

Where does blood filtration occur?

A

Renal corpuscle

26
Q

High blood pressure in glomerular capillaries causes what to happen?

A

Forces some plasma into capsular space of Bowman’s capsule

27
Q

Glomerular filtrate lacks what?

A

Protein

28
Q

Pores in the capillary endothelium that help transfer plasma out of the glomerular capillaries

A

Fenestrations

29
Q

What is the term used to describe how fast plasma is filtered as it passes through the glomerulus and what does it depend on?

A

Glomerular filtration rate - depends on rate of blood flow to the kidney

30
Q

What is reabsorption?

A

When useful substances leave the tubules of the nephron and enter into the blood of the peritubular capillaries

31
Q

What are the 9 substances that get reabsorbed?

A

Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, glucose, amino acids, chloride, bicarbonate, water

32
Q

Where/ how is sodium reabsorbed?

A

In the PCT, ascending LOH, DCT by a carrier protein

33
Q

What 3 things is sodium usually exchanged for?

A

Hydrogen, ammonium, potassium ions

34
Q

Where are potassium and calcium reabsorbed?

A

PCT, ascending LOH, DCT

35
Q

What does calcium move under the influence of?

A

Vitamin D, PTH, calcitonin

36
Q

Where is magnesium reabsorbed?

A

PCT, ascending LOH, CD

37
Q

What increases the reabsorption of magnesium?

A

PTH

38
Q

What happens in response to electrical imbalance created by sodium removal?

A

Chloride ions diffuse from tubular filtrate into epithelial cells and interstitial space

39
Q

What happens after sodium, glucose, amino acids and chloride have left the tubular filtrate?

A

Some of the water in the filtrate moves by osmosis into the interstitial space and peritubular capillaries

40
Q

___________ is one of the waste products the body wants to get rid of, but some of it also gets reabsorbed and its levels can be measured as the BUN

A

Urea

41
Q

Secretion primarily occurs where?

A

DCT

42
Q

What waste products are eliminated by secretion?

A

Hydrogen, potassium, ammonia and some medications

43
Q

Urine volume regulation is controlled by what two hormones?

A

Antidiuretic hormone - if absent polyuria results
Aldosterone

44
Q

How do the kidneys regulate blood pressure?

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - Response to low blood pressure
Renin released - splits angiotensin enzyme
Sodium + water reabsorbed back into bloodstream
Blood volume increases - so does blood pressure

45
Q

Tubes that exit the kidney and connect to the urinary bladder

A

Ureters

46
Q

Arrangement of openings of ureters into the bladder and opening from the bladder into the urethra

A

Trigone

47
Q

What part of the kidney do the ureters leave from?

A

Hilus

48
Q

What 3 layers of tissue are the ureters composed of?

A

Outer fibrous layer
Middle muscular layer
Inner epithelial layer

49
Q

What does the middle muscular layer of the ureters do and what type of muscle is it?

A

Smooth muscle - propels urine by peristalsis

50
Q

What does the inner epithelial layer of the ureters allow for?

A

Allows ureters to stretch when urine passes through

51
Q

How do the ureters prevent backup of urine into the ureters?

A

The openings collapse when the bladder is full

52
Q

What are the two parts of the bladder?

A

Muscular sac
Neck

53
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the bladder?

A

Transitional epithelium - stretches as bladder fills with urine

54
Q

What muscle contracts to expel urine from the bladder?

A

Detrusor muscle

55
Q

What provides voluntary control over the urination process?

A

Circular sphincter muscles around the neck of the bladder

56
Q

What are 2 other words used for urination?

A

Micturition, uresis

57
Q

What is the process of urine accumulation?

A

Bladder constantly accumulates urine
Stretch receptors are activated
Pressure of filling of bladder reaches trigger point

58
Q

What is the process of muscle contraction when the bladder is full?

A

Spinal reflex activated
Motor impulse sent to detrusor muscle
Smooth muscle in bladder wall contracts
Bladder is emptied if animal not housebroken

59
Q

What is sphincter muscle control when the bladder is full?

A

Allows for temporary control of urination
The fuller the bladder, the more pressure on the sphincter muscle
Eventually relaxes - urine released

60
Q

Where is the urethra located and what does it do?

A

Continuation of the neck of the bladder - carries urine from the bladder to external environment

61
Q

What are the characteristics of the female urethra?

A

Short and straight
Opens on the ventral portion of the vestibule of the vulva
Lined with transitional epithelium allowing it to expand

62
Q

What are the characteristics of the male urethra?

A

Long and curved
Runs along the ventral aspect of the penis
Lined with transitional epithelium allowing it to expand

Anatomy (10 decks)

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