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Anatomy > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Cell division that produces basic reproductive cells; ova, spermatozoa

A

Meiosis

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2
Q

Coiled masses of DNA in the nuclei of cells

A

Chromosones

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3
Q

What does diploid chromosome number refer to?

A

Sexually reproducing organisms have two sets of chromosomes; one from each parent

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4
Q

What does haploid chromosome number refer to?

A

The reduced number of chromosomes in the gamete; results from meiosis - ensures that fertilized ovum from union of ova and spermatozoa has the diploid number

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5
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The process by which a cell replicates its chromosomes and then segregates them, producing two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division

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6
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Random half of total chromosomes go to each daughter cell

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7
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

The process where spermatozoa are produced in large numbers in the seminiferous tubules of the testes

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8
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

The process where ova are produced (a few at a time) in the follicles of the ovaries

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9
Q

Where are male reproductive cells formed?

A

Testes (male gonads)

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10
Q

What are the functions of the testes?

A

Spermatogenesis, hormone production

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11
Q

What hormones are produced in the testes and where?

A

Androgens, specifically testosterone; produced in the interstitial cells of the seminiferous tubules

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12
Q

What are the 3 main parts of spermatozoa?

A

Head, midpiece, tail

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13
Q

Where do the testes begin developing?

A

In the abdomen near the kidneys before birth; gradually pulled caudally and ventrally passing through the inguinal rings down into the scrotum

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14
Q

What is the band of connective tissue that attaches the testes to the scrotum?

A

Gubernaculum

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15
Q

What does the scrotum help regulate?

A

Temperature of testes - must be kept cooler than body temperature

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16
Q

What muscle passes down through the inguinal ring and attaches to the scrotum?

A

Cremaster muscle - adjusts position of testes depending on temperature

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17
Q

What structures does the spermatic cord contain?

A

Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, vas deferens

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18
Q

What is the heat exchange mechanism in the spermatic cord?

A

Pampiniform plexus

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19
Q

What are the two layers of tunics?

A

Visceral vaginal tunic = proper vaginal tunic
Parietal vaginal tunic = common vaginal tunic

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20
Q

What is the tunic albuginea?

A

Lies beneath the tunics - forms a fibrous connective tissue capsule that encloses each testis

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21
Q

What divides the testis into tiny lobules that contain seminiferous tubules?

A

Septa

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22
Q

What happens in the seminiferous tubules?

A

Spermatogenesis in u-shaped tube = rete testis

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23
Q

The interstitial endocrine cells in the seminiferous tubules produce what?

A

Androgens

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24
Q

These cells support developing spermatids and shield from the body’s immune system?

A

Sertoli cells

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25
Q

Where is spermatozoa stored?

A

Epididymis - flat ribbon-like structure that lies along the surface of the testis

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26
Q

What does the vas deferens do?

A

Moves sperm from the epididymis up the urethra when ejaculation occurs

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27
Q

Spermatozoa mixed with secretions from accessory glands is what?

A

Semen

28
Q

What are the functions and portions of the male urethra?

A

Urinary, reproductive (ejaculation); pelvic portion, penile portion

29
Q

Where do the ducts of the accessory reproductive glands enter?

A

Pelvic portion of the urethra

30
Q

What do the accessory reproductive glands produce?

A

Alkaline fluid to help counteract acidity of the female reproductive tract that helps sperm survive to reach the ovum - electrolytes, fructose, prostaglandins

31
Q

What are the 3 accessory reproductive glands?

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland

32
Q

What does the bulbourethral gland do?

A

Secretes fluid to help clear out the urethra before ejaculation

33
Q

What species are missing the seminal vesicles?

A

Cats & dogs

34
Q

What is the only accessory gland that the dog has?

A

Prostate gland

35
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the penis?

A

The roots - 2 bands of crura attach penis to brim of pelvis
The body - 2 bundles of erectile tissue (corpus cavernosum urethrae, corpus cavernosum penis)
The glans - distal end with numerous sensory nerves, prepuce

36
Q

What does the bulb of the glans do?

A

Remains swollen after ejaculation to tie

37
Q

What is the distal glans on the horse that flares?

A

Corona glandis

38
Q

In horses, the urethral process extends from the central depression called what?

A

Fossa glandis

39
Q

What causes erection of the penis and what pulls the penis back to non-erect state?

A

Sigmoid flexure, retractor penis muscle

40
Q

What structures makes up the female reproductive system?

A

Ligaments, ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva

41
Q

What are the 3 broad ligaments in the female reproductive tract?

A

Mesovarium - supports the ovary
Mesosalpinx - supports the oviduct
Mesometrium - supports the uterus

42
Q

What is the name of the ovarian end of the mesovarium broad ligament?

A

Suspensory ligament of the ovary

43
Q

What ligament is attached to the tip of the uterine horn located caudally to the inguinal ring?

A

Round ligament of the uterus

44
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Production of gametes in follicles

45
Q

What hormones are produced in the ovaries?

A

Estrogen, progestins, relaxin

46
Q

What is uniparous?

A

Species that produce one mature ovum per cycle - horses, cattle, humans

47
Q

What is multiparous?

A

Species that produce multiple ova per cycle - cats, dogs, sows

48
Q

The ovarian cycle is under the influence of what hormones?

A

FSH, LH

49
Q

What is a primary follicle?

A

Immature oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flattened follicular cells - follicular activation occurs

50
Q

What happens during the growing follicle stage?

A

Oocyte starts to grow in size
Glycoprotein zona pellucida layer forms
Granulosa cells multiply
Antrum is formed

51
Q

What happens during the mature follicle stage?

A

Oocyte sits in mound of cumulus oophorus
Zona pellucida is surrounded by corona radiata

52
Q

What follicular stage is estrogen at its peak?

A

Mature follicle stage

53
Q

What happens during the ovulation stage?

A

Mature follicle ruptures
Gamete released into oviduct - now called ovum
Corpus hemorrhagicum

54
Q

What is Corpus hemorrhagicum?

A

When the empty follicle fills with blood during ovulation

55
Q

How is the corpus luteum formed?

A

From cells lining the corpus hemorrhagicum

56
Q

What produces the progestins needed to maintain pregnancy?

A

Corpus luteum

57
Q

What is follicular atresia?

A

Not all follicles activated in a single ovarian cycle will fully develop and ovulate

58
Q

What are two other terms for oviducts?

A

Fallopian tubes
Uterine tubes

59
Q

What is the purpose of the oviducts?

A

Guide ova from ovary to uterus
Serve as site for fertilization

60
Q

Oviducts contain _______________ that catch the ova in the __________________

A

Fimbriae, infundibulum

61
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A

Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium

62
Q

What is the smooth muscle sphincter between the body of the uterus and the vagina and when is it open?

A

The cervix - estrus, parturition

63
Q

What structures does the vulva contain?

A

Vestibule
Clitoris
Labia

64
Q

The definite period in each reproductive cycle when breeding can take place - from the beginning of one heat period to the beginning of the next

A

Estrous cycle

65
Q

What are the different intervals of the estrous cycle?

A

Polyestrous - cattle swine
Seasonally polyestrous - horses, sheep, cats
Diestrous - dogs
Monoestrous - foxes, minks

66
Q

What are the stages of the estrous cycle?

A

Proestrus - follicular development in the ovary
Estrus - heat
Metestrus - after ovulation when corpus luteum develops
Diestrus - active luteal stage when corpus luteum has reached max size and exerts max effect - pseudocyesis or pseudopregnancy can happen here
Anestrus - temporary ovarian inactivity

Anatomy (10 decks)

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