Reproductive System

Question 1

Cell division that produces basic reproductive cells; ova, spermatozoa

Answer 1

Meiosis

Question 2

Coiled masses of DNA in the nuclei of cells

Answer 2

Chromosones

Question 3

What does diploid chromosome number refer to?

Answer 3

Sexually reproducing organisms have two sets of chromosomes; one from each parent

Question 4

What does haploid chromosome number refer to?

Answer 4

The reduced number of chromosomes in the gamete; results from meiosis - ensures that fertilized ovum from union of ova and spermatozoa has the diploid number

Question 5

What is mitosis?

Answer 5

The process by which a cell replicates its chromosomes and then segregates them, producing two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division

Question 6

What is meiosis?

Answer 6

Random half of total chromosomes go to each daughter cell

Question 7

What is spermatogenesis?

Answer 7

The process where spermatozoa are produced in large numbers in the seminiferous tubules of the testes

Question 8

What is oogenesis?

Answer 8

The process where ova are produced (a few at a time) in the follicles of the ovaries

Question 9

Where are male reproductive cells formed?

Answer 9

Testes (male gonads)

Question 10

What are the functions of the testes?

Answer 10

Spermatogenesis, hormone production

Question 11

What hormones are produced in the testes and where?

Answer 11

Androgens, specifically testosterone; produced in the interstitial cells of the seminiferous tubules

Question 12

What are the 3 main parts of spermatozoa?

Answer 12

Head, midpiece, tail

Question 13

Where do the testes begin developing?

Answer 13

In the abdomen near the kidneys before birth; gradually pulled caudally and ventrally passing through the inguinal rings down into the scrotum

Question 14

What is the band of connective tissue that attaches the testes to the scrotum?

Answer 14

Gubernaculum

Question 15

What does the scrotum help regulate?

Answer 15

Temperature of testes - must be kept cooler than body temperature

Question 16

What muscle passes down through the inguinal ring and attaches to the scrotum?

Answer 16

Cremaster muscle - adjusts position of testes depending on temperature

Question 17

What structures does the spermatic cord contain?

Answer 17

Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, vas deferens

Question 18

What is the heat exchange mechanism in the spermatic cord?

Answer 18

Pampiniform plexus

Question 19

What are the two layers of tunics?

Answer 19

Visceral vaginal tunic = proper vaginal tunic
Parietal vaginal tunic = common vaginal tunic

Question 20

What is the tunic albuginea?

Answer 20

Lies beneath the tunics - forms a fibrous connective tissue capsule that encloses each testis

Question 21

What divides the testis into tiny lobules that contain seminiferous tubules?

Answer 21

Septa

Question 22

What happens in the seminiferous tubules?

Answer 22

Spermatogenesis in u-shaped tube = rete testis

Question 23

The interstitial endocrine cells in the seminiferous tubules produce what?

Answer 23

Androgens

Question 24

These cells support developing spermatids and shield from the body’s immune system?

Answer 24

Sertoli cells

Question 25

Where is spermatozoa stored?

Answer 25

Epididymis - flat ribbon-like structure that lies along the surface of the testis

Question 26

What does the vas deferens do?

Answer 26

Moves sperm from the epididymis up the urethra when ejaculation occurs

Question 27

Spermatozoa mixed with secretions from accessory glands is what?

Answer 27

Semen

Question 28

What are the functions and portions of the male urethra?

Answer 28

Urinary, reproductive (ejaculation); pelvic portion, penile portion

Question 29

Where do the ducts of the accessory reproductive glands enter?

Answer 29

Pelvic portion of the urethra

Question 30

What do the accessory reproductive glands produce?

Answer 30

Alkaline fluid to help counteract acidity of the female reproductive tract that helps sperm survive to reach the ovum - electrolytes, fructose, prostaglandins

Question 31

What are the 3 accessory reproductive glands?

Answer 31

Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Bulbourethral gland

Question 32

What does the bulbourethral gland do?

Answer 32

Secretes fluid to help clear out the urethra before ejaculation

Question 33

What species are missing the seminal vesicles?

Answer 33

Cats & dogs

Question 34

What is the only accessory gland that the dog has?

Answer 34

Prostate gland

Question 35

What are the 3 main parts of the penis?

Answer 35

The roots - 2 bands of crura attach penis to brim of pelvis The body - 2 bundles of erectile tissue (corpus cavernosum urethrae, corpus cavernosum penis) The glans - distal end with numerous sensory nerves, prepuce

Question 36

What does the bulb of the glans do?

Answer 36

Remains swollen after ejaculation to tie

Question 37

What is the distal glans on the horse that flares?

Answer 37

Corona glandis

Question 38

In horses, the urethral process extends from the central depression called what?

Answer 38

Fossa glandis

Question 39

What causes erection of the penis and what pulls the penis back to non-erect state?

Answer 39

Sigmoid flexure, retractor penis muscle

Question 40

What structures makes up the female reproductive system?

Answer 40

Ligaments, ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva

Question 41

What are the 3 broad ligaments in the female reproductive tract?

Answer 41

Mesovarium - supports the ovary Mesosalpinx - supports the oviduct Mesometrium - supports the uterus

Question 42

What is the name of the ovarian end of the mesovarium broad ligament?

Answer 42

Suspensory ligament of the ovary

Question 43

What ligament is attached to the tip of the uterine horn located caudally to the inguinal ring?

Answer 43

Round ligament of the uterus

Question 44

What is oogenesis?

Answer 44

Production of gametes in follicles

Question 45

What hormones are produced in the ovaries?

Answer 45

Estrogen, progestins, relaxin

Question 46

What is uniparous?

Answer 46

Species that produce one mature ovum per cycle - horses, cattle, humans

Question 47

What is multiparous?

Answer 47

Species that produce multiple ova per cycle - cats, dogs, sows

Question 48

The ovarian cycle is under the influence of what hormones?

Answer 48

FSH, LH

Question 49

What is a primary follicle?

Answer 49

Immature oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flattened follicular cells - follicular activation occurs

Question 50

What happens during the growing follicle stage?

Answer 50

Oocyte starts to grow in size Glycoprotein zona pellucida layer forms Granulosa cells multiply Antrum is formed

Question 51

What happens during the mature follicle stage?

Answer 51

Oocyte sits in mound of cumulus oophorus Zona pellucida is surrounded by corona radiata

Question 52

What follicular stage is estrogen at its peak?

Answer 52

Mature follicle stage

Question 53

What happens during the ovulation stage?

Answer 53

Mature follicle ruptures Gamete released into oviduct - now called ovum Corpus hemorrhagicum

Question 54

What is Corpus hemorrhagicum?

Answer 54

When the empty follicle fills with blood during ovulation

Question 55

How is the corpus luteum formed?

Answer 55

From cells lining the corpus hemorrhagicum

Question 56

What produces the progestins needed to maintain pregnancy?

Answer 56

Corpus luteum

Question 57

What is follicular atresia?

Answer 57

Not all follicles activated in a single ovarian cycle will fully develop and ovulate

Question 58

What are two other terms for oviducts?

Answer 58

Fallopian tubes Uterine tubes

Question 59

What is the purpose of the oviducts?

Answer 59

Guide ova from ovary to uterus Serve as site for fertilization

Question 60

Oviducts contain _______________ that catch the ova in the __________________

Answer 60

Fimbriae, infundibulum

Question 61

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

Answer 61

Endometrium Myometrium Perimetrium

Question 62

What is the smooth muscle sphincter between the body of the uterus and the vagina and when is it open?

Answer 62

The cervix - estrus, parturition

Question 63

What structures does the vulva contain?

Answer 63

Vestibule Clitoris Labia

Question 64

The definite period in each reproductive cycle when breeding can take place - from the beginning of one heat period to the beginning of the next

Answer 64

Estrous cycle

Question 65

What are the different intervals of the estrous cycle?

Answer 65

Polyestrous - cattle swine Seasonally polyestrous - horses, sheep, cats Diestrous - dogs Monoestrous - foxes, minks

Question 66

What are the stages of the estrous cycle?

Answer 66

Proestrus - follicular development in the ovary Estrus - heat Metestrus - after ovulation when corpus luteum develops Diestrus - active luteal stage when corpus luteum has reached max size and exerts max effect - pseudocyesis or pseudopregnancy can happen here Anestrus - temporary ovarian inactivity