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Anatomy > Ruminant Stomach & Digestion > Flashcards

Ruminant Stomach & Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the ruminant stomach?

A

Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum

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2
Q

Which chamber of the stomach is glandular?

A

Abomasum

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3
Q

Which chamber of the stomach is the true stomach?

A

Abomasum

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4
Q

What chambers of the stomach are non-glandular and what does that mean?

A

They do not produce digestive enzymes (rumen, reticulum, omasum)

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5
Q

Where is majority of cellulose broken down?

A

Rumen & reticulum

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6
Q

What chambers of the stomach contain microorganisms that help in the fermentation process of carbohydrates?

A

Rumen, reticulum

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7
Q

The rumen is also known as what?

A

The paunch

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8
Q

Where is the rumen located?

A

Occupies most of the left side of the abdominal cavity

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9
Q

What increases the surface area for absorption in the rumen?

A

Papillae

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10
Q

What chambers are considered to be part of the forestomach?

A

Reticulum rumen, omasum

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11
Q
A
  1. Rumen
  2. Duodenum
  3. Esophagus
  4. Reticulum
  5. Omasum
  6. Abomasum
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12
Q

What chamber functions the same way as the monogastric stomach?

A

Abomasum

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13
Q

What does the reticulum resemble?

A

Honeycomb

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14
Q

Where is the reticulum located?

A

Cranial to the rumen

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15
Q

What links the esophagus with the omasum in young ruminants and why is this important?

A

Esophageal groove - lets milk bypass the reticulorumen and go directly into the omasum and abomasum (bacteria in reticulorumen will ferment milk and produce lactic acid inhibiting normal microbial action)

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16
Q

What does the omasum resemble?

A

Many plies or “book stomach”

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17
Q

What does the omasum connect?

A

Reticulorumen to abomasum

18
Q

What gets absorbed in the omasum?

A

Water and salt

19
Q

True/ False - The abomasum acts as a storage compartment

20
Q

In young ruminants, what is released in the abomasum that causes milk protein coagulation?

21
Q

There is a continuous flow of __________ in the abomasum

A

Ingesta - Volume remains constant

22
Q

This type of contraction ensures content movements between the reticulum and rumen and separates particles based on size

A

Primary contractions or mixing contractions

23
Q

This type of contraction in the reticulorumen moves ingesta up into the oral cavity

A

Rumination or “chewing the cud”

24
Q

What are the 4 steps of rumination?

A

Regurgitation
Re-insalivation
Re-mastication
Re-swallowing

25
Q

During regurgitation the reticulum contracts bringing material from the dorsal reticulum to the ____________ sphincter

26
Q

This type of reticulorumen contraction is responsible for the release of gases produced during fermentation

A

Eructation

27
Q

What are the two components to a ruminant’s diet?

A

Grasses - complex carbohydrates
Grains - non-structural carbohydrates

28
Q

How are carbohydrates broken down and what enzyme helps with this?

A

Hydrolysis by catalase enzyme to simple sugars

29
Q

True/ False - microorganisms use nutrients consumed for their own growth and development

30
Q

True/ False - Ruminants can digest microorganisms as a source of protein

31
Q

What is the main source of energy for the ruminant?

32
Q

Diets with too many lipids result in what?

A

Decreased appetite, reduced motility of reticulorumen, decreased fermentation of cellulose

33
Q

What happens during lipid digestion?

A

Glycerol produces VFA’s - hydrogenated fatty acids absorbed in small intestine and are stored or used for energy

34
Q

What nutrient in the ruminants diet is mostly used by the microorganisms to meet their own metabolic needs?

35
Q

What is released by rumen bacteria to break down proteins into peptide chains?

36
Q

What is the end product of protein breakdown?

A

Amino acids - absorbed across intestinal mucosa into the bloodstream and transported to the liver

37
Q

What organ is responsible for urea production in ruminants?

A

Liver - produces urea from proteins and ammonium absorbed from the rumen

38
Q

What happens to urea in ruminants?

A

Travels back to the rumen and then saliva where it is used by the microbes once again to make microbial proteins

39
Q

Why are ruminants constantly faced with a potential glucose deficiency?

A

Because ruminal microbes process carbohydrates before they are exposed to intestinal enzymes - no ingested carbohydrates make it to the small intestine

40
Q

How do ruminants produce glucose?

A

Gluconeogenesis - production of glucose by the liver from non-carbohydrate sources

41
Q

What is a non-carbohydrate source that is used in glucose production?

A

Propionate

Anatomy (10 decks)

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