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Anatomy > Small Intestine & Associated Structures > Flashcards

Small Intestine & Associated Structures Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the small intestine?

A

Carry chyme away from the stomach and deposits it in the large intestine

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2
Q

What are the 3 structures of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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3
Q

How is the small intestine suspended in the abdominal cavity?

A

Mesentery

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4
Q

What happens in the duodenum?

A

Receives chyme through pyloric sphincter

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5
Q

What runs alongside the descending duodenum and next to the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

Pancreas

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6
Q

What happens in the jejunum?

A

Most chemical digestion and absorption (longest part)

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7
Q

What happens in the ileum?

A

Peyer’s patches - help protect the animal from disease by controlling bacteria, functioning in antibody production and aiding in filtration

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8
Q

Where does the ileum empty?

A

Horse - large intestine at cecum
Dog/ cat - colon
Ruminant/ pig - cecum and colon

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9
Q

What adaptations help increase the surface area of the small intestine?

A

Plications, villi containing microvilli (brush border), intestinal crypts (crypts of Langerhans)

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10
Q

What is found in the intestinal crypts?

A

Undifferentiated cells that undergo cell division to replace worn down villi

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11
Q

What are lacteals?

A

Lymphatic capillaries - carry absorbed lipids and fat-soluble substances to thoracic duct and into vena cava

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12
Q

What is found in the villi that collects nutrients in the GI tract and transports them to the liver?

A

Blood capillaries

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13
Q

What two hormones does the duodenal mucosa secrete?

A

CCK and secretin

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14
Q

What is the function of CCK?

A

Inhibits gastric emptying - allows chyme to exit stomach at a controlled rate allowing it more time to neutralize
Causes increased secretion of bicarbonate and pancreatic digestive enzymes
Stimulates secretion of enteropeptidase

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15
Q

What stimulates the secretion of CCK and secretin?

A

High amino acid or fatty acid concentrations or low pH of chyme entering duodenum

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16
Q

What is the function of secretin?

A

Decreases HCl production in the stomach
Increases pancreatic and biliary bicarbonate secretions

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17
Q

Why is it important for chyme to be more alkaline than acidic as it exits the stomach?

A

Digestive enzymes from the pancreas function more optimally

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18
Q

What are the two functions of the pancreas?

A

Endocrine & exocrine

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19
Q

What does the endocrine part of the pancreas consist of and what hormones does it produce?

A

Pancreatic islets - beta cells secrete insulin to lower glucose levels, alpha cells produce glucagon to increase glucose levels

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20
Q

What does the exocrine portion of the pancreas consist of?

A

Groups of acini

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21
Q

What does the exocrine pancreas secrete?

A

Bicarbonate and digestive proenzymes

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22
Q

What causes an increase in pancreatic secretions?

A

Anticipation of food, neural and endocrine stimuli

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23
Q

What enzymes secreted by the pancreas are vital to digestion?

A

Lipase - breaks down lipids
Amylase - breaks down starches
Nuclease - breaks down nucleic acids
Protease - breaks down proteins

24
Q

All proteolytic enzymes are secreted by the pancreas in an inactive form called ______________

A

Proenzyme

25
Q

What activates the proenzymes in the pancreas?

A

CCK

26
Q

What is the largest digestive gland in the body?

A

Liver

27
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A

Secretes substances essential for digestion and absorption of nutrients
Synthesizes nutrients and regulates their release into the bloodstream
Excretes toxic substances
Produces plasma proteins, cholesterol, blood coagulation factors

28
Q

What are the two surfaces of the liver?

A

Diaphragmatic surface - in contact with diaphragm
Visceral surface - in contact with abdominal organs

29
Q

What ligament attaches the liver to the diaphragm?

A

Falciform ligament

30
Q

The mammalian liver consists of what?

A

Lobes

31
Q

Why is the liver strategically placed?

A

To process blood leaving the GI tract

32
Q

The area of the liver known as the triad consists of what?

A

Hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, bile ducts

33
Q

The liver receives blood from what two sources?

A

Hepatic portal vein from the GI tract and the hepatic artery (branch of cardiac artery)

34
Q

The hepatic artery and portal vein come together in the liver and empty their blood into the ______________

A

Sinusoids

35
Q

What protein producing cells can we find in the liver?

A

Hepatocytes

36
Q

What macrophages can we find in the liver?

A

Kupffer cells

37
Q

How is bile excreted in the liver?

A

By hepatocytes into ductules called canaliculi

38
Q

What is bile excreted by the liver necessary for in the intestines?

A

Lipid digestion

39
Q

What is the purpose of the gall bladder?

A

Concentrates and stores bile until needed

40
Q

What species lacks a gall bladder?

A

Horse

41
Q

What is bile composed of?

A

Bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol, bile pigments

42
Q

What stimulates contraction of the gall bladder and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi?

A

CCK

43
Q

What is enterohepatic circulation?

A

The pathway for bile from the liver to the intestine to the hepatic portal vein and back to the liver

44
Q

What is a breakdown product of hemoglobin that is eliminated through bile?

A

Bilirubin (dead red blood cells)

45
Q

If the level of bilirubin in the blood becomes elevated, what symptoms will we see?

A

Jaundice

46
Q

What 2 vital rolls does the liver play that keeps blood glucose levels normal?

A

Metabolizes glucose to produce energy
Fructose and galactose are converted to glucose

47
Q

Excess glucose is stored as glycogen where?

A

Liver, skeletal muscle, adipose cells

48
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen is broken down to glucose when needed

49
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (ketosis)

50
Q

What proteins does the liver produce?

A

Plasma proteins including albumin and blood clotting proteins

51
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Propels content

52
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Mixing action

53
Q

What are the methods of active processes when it comes to absorption across intestinal mucosa?

A

Transport molecules
Antiport - one molecule is exchanged for another
Secondary active transport - glucose moves by cotransport with sodium
Facilitated diffusion - uses a carrier molecule

54
Q

What is the 4 step process to digest/ absorb fat?

A

Emulsification
Hydrolysis
Micelle formation
Absorption

55
Q

What is a passive process when it comes to absorption across intestinal mucosa?

A

Simple diffusion

Anatomy (10 decks)

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