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Small Intestine & Associated Structures Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the small intestine?

A

Carry chyme away from the stomach and deposits it in the large intestine

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2
Q

What are the 3 structures of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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3
Q

How is the small intestine suspended in the abdominal cavity?

A

Mesentery

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4
Q

What happens in the duodenum?

A

Receives chyme through pyloric sphincter

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5
Q

What runs alongside the descending duodenum and next to the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

Pancreas

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6
Q

What happens in the jejunum?

A

Most chemical digestion and absorption (longest part)

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7
Q

What happens in the ileum?

A

Peyer’s patches - help protect the animal from disease by controlling bacteria, functioning in antibody production and aiding in filtration

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8
Q

Where does the ileum empty?

A

Horse - large intestine at cecum
Dog/ cat - colon
Ruminant/ pig - cecum and colon

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9
Q

What adaptations help increase the surface area of the small intestine?

A

Plications, villi containing microvilli (brush border), intestinal crypts (crypts of Langerhans)

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10
Q

What is found in the intestinal crypts?

A

Undifferentiated cells that undergo cell division to replace worn down villi

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11
Q

What are lacteals?

A

Lymphatic capillaries - carry absorbed lipids and fat-soluble substances to thoracic duct and into vena cava

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12
Q

What is found in the villi that collects nutrients in the GI tract and transports them to the liver?

A

Blood capillaries

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13
Q

What two hormones does the duodenal mucosa secrete?

A

CCK and secretin

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14
Q

What is the function of CCK?

A

Inhibits gastric emptying - allows chyme to exit stomach at a controlled rate allowing it more time to neutralize
Causes increased secretion of bicarbonate and pancreatic digestive enzymes
Stimulates secretion of enteropeptidase

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15
Q

What stimulates the secretion of CCK and secretin?

A

High amino acid or fatty acid concentrations or low pH of chyme entering duodenum

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16
Q

What is the function of secretin?

A

Decreases HCl production in the stomach
Increases pancreatic and biliary bicarbonate secretions

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17
Q

Why is it important for chyme to be more alkaline than acidic as it exits the stomach?

A

Digestive enzymes from the pancreas function more optimally

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18
Q

What are the two functions of the pancreas?

A

Endocrine & exocrine

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19
Q

What does the endocrine part of the pancreas consist of and what hormones does it produce?

A

Pancreatic islets - beta cells secrete insulin to lower glucose levels, alpha cells produce glucagon to increase glucose levels

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20
Q

What does the exocrine portion of the pancreas consist of?

A

Groups of acini

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21
Q

What does the exocrine pancreas secrete?

A

Bicarbonate and digestive proenzymes

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22
Q

What causes an increase in pancreatic secretions?

A

Anticipation of food, neural and endocrine stimuli

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23
Q

What enzymes secreted by the pancreas are vital to digestion?

A

Lipase - breaks down lipids
Amylase - breaks down starches
Nuclease - breaks down nucleic acids
Protease - breaks down proteins

24
Q

All proteolytic enzymes are secreted by the pancreas in an inactive form called ______________

25
What activates the proenzymes in the pancreas?
CCK
26
What is the largest digestive gland in the body?
Liver
27
What are the functions of the liver?
Secretes substances essential for digestion and absorption of nutrients Synthesizes nutrients and regulates their release into the bloodstream Excretes toxic substances Produces plasma proteins, cholesterol, blood coagulation factors
28
What are the two surfaces of the liver?
Diaphragmatic surface - in contact with diaphragm Visceral surface - in contact with abdominal organs
29
What ligament attaches the liver to the diaphragm?
Falciform ligament
30
The mammalian liver consists of what?
Lobes
31
Why is the liver strategically placed?
To process blood leaving the GI tract
32
The area of the liver known as the triad consists of what?
Hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, bile ducts
33
The liver receives blood from what two sources?
Hepatic portal vein from the GI tract and the hepatic artery (branch of cardiac artery)
34
The hepatic artery and portal vein come together in the liver and empty their blood into the ______________
Sinusoids
35
What protein producing cells can we find in the liver?
Hepatocytes
36
What macrophages can we find in the liver?
Kupffer cells
37
How is bile excreted in the liver?
By hepatocytes into ductules called canaliculi
38
What is bile excreted by the liver necessary for in the intestines?
Lipid digestion
39
What is the purpose of the gall bladder?
Concentrates and stores bile until needed
40
What species lacks a gall bladder?
Horse
41
What is bile composed of?
Bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol, bile pigments
42
What stimulates contraction of the gall bladder and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi?
CCK
43
What is enterohepatic circulation?
The pathway for bile from the liver to the intestine to the hepatic portal vein and back to the liver
44
What is a breakdown product of hemoglobin that is eliminated through bile?
Bilirubin (dead red blood cells)
45
If the level of bilirubin in the blood becomes elevated, what symptoms will we see?
Jaundice
46
What 2 vital rolls does the liver play that keeps blood glucose levels normal?
Metabolizes glucose to produce energy Fructose and galactose are converted to glucose
47
Excess glucose is stored as glycogen where?
Liver, skeletal muscle, adipose cells
48
What is glycogenolysis?
Glycogen is broken down to glucose when needed
49
What is gluconeogenesis?
Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (ketosis)
50
What proteins does the liver produce?
Plasma proteins including albumin and blood clotting proteins
51
What is peristalsis?
Propels content
52
What is segmentation?
Mixing action
53
What are the methods of active processes when it comes to absorption across intestinal mucosa?
Transport molecules Antiport - one molecule is exchanged for another Secondary active transport - glucose moves by cotransport with sodium Facilitated diffusion - uses a carrier molecule
54
What is the 4 step process to digest/ absorb fat?
Emulsification Hydrolysis Micelle formation Absorption
55
What is a passive process when it comes to absorption across intestinal mucosa?
Simple diffusion

Anatomy (10 decks)

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