Urinary

Question 1

what is hypospadia

tx?

Answer 1

failure of closure of male urethra

none, usually fatten fine

Question 2

urine dribbling from umbilicus
possible abscessation

dx?
tx?

Answer 2

patent urachus

surgery

Question 3

suckler cows

chronic weight loss
\+/- mild pyrexia 
appetite usually ok
dysuria 
blood and pus appear to come from vagina 

per rectum exam: swollen painful kidneys
baldder, ureter involvement and thickening

ddx?

Answer 3

Pyelonephritis

Question 4

tx for pyelonephritis

Answer 4

long course ABs
Pencillin or oxyetracyline> as excreted in kidneys!

if E.coli causing infection> amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid

Question 5

pggx for pyelonephritis?

Answer 5

rule of thirds

1/3 get better, 1/3 get better + complications 1/3 never get better

Question 6

aetiological agent pyelonephritis

Answer 6

Cornyebacterium renale

sometimes E.coli

Question 7

signs similar to pyelonephritis
+ straining ,ore ronounced
ddx?

Answer 7

cystitis

Question 8

tx for cystitis?

Answer 8

Abs as for pyelonephritis

Question 9

off food, ill
profuse diarrhoea
generalised sub cut oedema 
PUPD
proteinuria
low plasma albumin
pale swollen kidneys 

not very common, usually secondary to other chronic infections

Answer 9

Amyloidosis

Question 10

which of the following is not a haematuria Ddx

pyelonephritis 
cystitis
urolithiasis 
enzootic haematuria 
amyloidosis 
bracken poisoning 
toxic nephrosis
pyelonephritis

Answer 10

Amyloidosis

Question 11

pancytopeania 
thrombocytopaenia 
petechiae in mouth, conjunctiva, vulva etc 
sub cut bruising
blood clots in nose and faeces
pyrexia and depression
blood diarrhoea 
haematuria 
death 

Dx: PME petechiae, haematuria

top ddx?

Answer 11

Bracken poisoning

Question 12

sudden death
anorexia
depression
bloat
constipation and straining
tarry diarrhoea

often after autumn storms

death usually in 4-7 days despite supportive tx

Answer 12

toxic nephrosis due to acorn poisoning (tannin= toxin)

Question 13

tx of toxic nephrosis due to acorns

Answer 13

charcoal, rumenotomy, move animals off field

Question 14

pyerexia
jaunduce
anaemia
oedema
fatal 

vaccine available

migrating fluke> trigger spores that were dormant in liver

Answer 14

blacks disease (Cl haemolyticum)

pyelonephritis

Question 15

1-4 weeks after calving
haemoglobinuria
low phosphorous diet, lush spring diet
older high yielding dairy cow

sudden onset
pallor
jaundice 
collapse
dyspnoea
death

Answer 15

Post parturient haemoglobinuria due to hypophosphataemia

Question 16

cause of ‘red water’ in cattle UK

Answer 16

babesia divergens

Question 17

pyrexia
anaemia
Hb uria = port wine urine

later : constipated, temp fall, anaemic/ jaundice

dx: blood smear see parasite in RBC

Answer 17

Babesiosis

Question 18

Treatment for Babesiosis

Answer 18

Imizol= imidocarb

VERY long meat withold and milk withhold

Question 19

meat and milk withold of imizol

Answer 19

213 days meat

21 days milk

Question 20

prevention tx of babesiosis?

Answer 20

imidocarb higher dose

however need to be exposed to tick for it to work

Question 21

Ram lamb 2-4 months
restless
abdominal pain/ kicking
dysuria/ anuria 
preputial crystals
bladder rupture > water belly 

high urea and creatinine in plasma and abdominal fluid

Answer 21

Urolithiasis= blocked ram

Question 22

usual calculi of urolithasis in rams

Answer 22

calcium or magnesium ammonium phosphate

Question 23

dx of urolithiasis in ram lamb

Answer 23

Abdominal palpation: right side, up abive stifle
Distended bladder, Free fluid wave, s/c fluid – piting, colour of skinLocation indicates site of rupture
Hair of ventral abdomen: “sand” around prepucial orifice
Examination of penis – exteriorise

Sit on rump, grab pelvic flexure and push up towards prepuce, grab base of penis as it leaves prepuce

Early castrated rams sometimes retain vermiform appendage If cannot then cut down into middle of prepuce this will then allow access to feel for calculi

Ultrasonography: s/c tissue, Free fluid in abdomen – timing re bladder rupture, Bladder, Kidney – cortex/medulla ratio (pressure atrophy of cortex)

Abdominocentesis: u/s guided, sample s/c fluid also, Smell, urea test strips.

Palpate urethra per-rectum: if calculi palpable, no point doing anything more distal and probably will not re-canalise due to extent of calculi. Should feel ‘marbles’ if calculi present.

Blood sample: Urea / creatinine, Potassium, PCV, Total protein

Question 24

treatment for urolithiasis in ram lamb

Answer 24

buscopan or xylazine> relaxant, works in 30 mins

if no bladder rupture: catheterise, flush with walpoles solution in saline

rupture: surgical repair

urethrostomy (urethra basically sticks out backwards for a few days)

drain water belly

Question 25

prevent recurrence of urolithiasis in ram lamb?

Answer 25

urinary acidification with

• ammonium chloride (need to mix with molasses for taste)
• acid sodium phosphate

check diet for alkaline substances

Question 26

is reduction in pain a good sign in urolithaisis in ram lamb?

Answer 26

no can mean ruptured bladder> water belly

bad