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Farm Animal Year 4 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

how long does involution of the uterus take?

A

3-4 weeks

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2
Q

how long for placenta not to be passed to be classed as retained foetal membranes in cows?

A

> 24 hours

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3
Q

risk factors for metritis/ endometritis?

A

retained foetal membranes> abortion> dystocia> twins> milk fever> parturition induction

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4
Q

bacteria responsible for metritis/ endometritis

A

E.coli
Trueperella pyogenes
Dichelobacter nodosus
Fusobacterium necrophorum

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5
Q

purulent uterine discharge detectable in vagina up to 21 days post partum

metritis or endometritis?

A

metritis

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6
Q

purulent uterine discharge detectable in vagina > 21 days post partum

metritis or endometritis?

A

endometritis

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7
Q

which grade of metritis is this

enlarged uterus and uterine discharge but no pyrexia

A

grade 1

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8
Q

which grade of metritis is this

enlarged uterus, pyrexia >39.5 C, overt systemic illness of decreased milk yield, decreased appetite

called puerperal metritis

A

Grade 2

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9
Q

which grade of metritis is this

toxic metritis, signs of toxaemia, cold extremities and dullness

A

grade 3

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10
Q

accumulation of purulent discharge within uterus lumen
in the presence of a corpus luteum and closed cervix (on US)

cow not seen in heat
mixed infection

treated with PGF

A

pyometra

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11
Q

cow with nymphomania in anoestrus

on US cyst is: 
thin walled 2.5-2.7 mm
fluid filled 
internal diameter >35mm
for longer than 10 days cx
A

follicular ovarian cyst

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12
Q

when may a follicular ovarian cyst be in inactive?

A

if corpus luteum on other ovary present and <2cm

or

follicle has not been exposed to P4 from corpus luteum

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13
Q

how should you treat a follicular cyst if

<30 days in milk

> 30 days in milk

you’ve treated the cyst and the cow comes into heat. can the farmer AI her?

A

<30 days in milk: leave

> 30 days in milk: Burst with GnRH or progesterone in PRID

no. oocyte is old and infertile, wait till next oestrus

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14
Q

cow with nymphomania in anoestrus

on US cyst is: 
thick walled 5-6 mm
fluid filled 
internal diameter 28-30mm
for longer than 10 days cx
fluid filled lacuna (in cl)
A

luteal cyst (lutenised follicular cyst)

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15
Q

what causes follicular cysts

A

any reason failure to ovulate

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16
Q

which uterine discharge score is this:

clear or translucent

A

0

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17
Q

which uterine discharge score is this:

flecks of white or off white pus

A

1

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18
Q

which uterine discharge score is this:

<50ml exudate containing <50% of white or off white material

A

2

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19
Q

which uterine discharge score is this:

> 50ml exudate containing purulent material, usually white or yellow but occasionally bloody

A

3

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20
Q

when does an FSH wave occur post partum, stimulating the first follicular wave?

A

2 weeks

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21
Q

successful ovulation of the first dominant follicle post partum depends on what factors?

A

size of dominant follicle
LH pulse frequency
IGF-I bioavailability

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22
Q

define abortion

A

any foetus dead or alive born 270 days or earlier after conception

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23
Q

primary or secondary agents cross fetomaternal barrier?

A

primary

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24
Q

primary or secondary agents cross pre damaged fetomaternal barrier?

A

secondary

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25
Q 
Brucella abortus 
BVD
Leptospirosis hardjo
Neospora caninum 
BHV-1 
Pararinfluenza 3
Bacillis licheniformis 
Fungi
Campylobacterosis

Primary abortion agent, secondary abortion agent, non infectious cause of bovine abortion?

A

Primary abortion agents

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26
Q

which primary abortion agent is notifiable

A

brucella abortus

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27
Q

Salmonella
Listeria monocytogenes

Primary abortion agent, secondary abortion agent, non infectious cause of bovine abortion?

A

Secondary abortion agent

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28
Q

deficiencies in which nutrients can lead to abortion

A

Selenium
Vitamin A
Iodine

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29
Q

Non infectious causes of abortion?

A 
Nutritional deficiencies 
Developmental abnormalities
alfatoxin/ nitrate/nitrite toxins 
trauma
hyperthermia
twinning
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30
Q

Diagnosed by routine bulk milk tank sampling in dairy
dams blood and vaginal swab only if not milking
zoonotic
notifiable

A

brucellosis

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31
Q

Pregnant cow infected with BVD in days 0-95

sequalae?

A

abortion/ foetal reabsorption

non cytopathic form crosses feto-maternal barrier

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32
Q

Pregnant cow infected with BVD in days 95-120

sequalae?

A

Persistently infected calf born

non cytopathic form crosses feto-maternal barrier

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33
Q

would a PI calf born have positive or negative

antigens to BVD
antibodies to BVD
Clinical signs
any changes in clinical signs means what

A

positive antigens

negative antibodies

stunted and grows poorly

BVD virus inside a PI(non cytopathic form)> spontaneously converts to cytopathic form
» death of the PI from mucosal disease.
»>This usually happens age 6 months – 2 years.

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34
Q

Pregnant cow infected with BVD in days 120-285

sequalae?

A

seropositive foetus
congenital lesions
abortions due to placentitis

(non-cytopathic form crosses fetomaternal barrier)

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35
Q

sequalae if healthy cow infected with BVD non cytopathic form?

A

can cause diarrhoea, although it may be asymptomatic

abortions in pregnant cattle

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36
Q

sequalae if healthy (non PI) calf infected with non cytopathic BVD?

A

diarrhoea or may exacerbate other diseases (eg pneumonia)

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37
Q

Transmission route of BVD

A

nasal secretions, saliva or dung

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38
Q

How can a PI calf be a source of

a) horizontal transmission
b) vertical transmission

of BVD?

A

a) horizontal transmission= spread in nasal secretions, saliva and dung to other members of the herd
b) vertical transmission= pass to her own calf. her calf will be a PI.

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39
Q

can healthy cows become infected with cytopathic form BVD?

A

not commonly seen

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40
Q

how to diagnose BVD?

A

bulk milk test quarterly

  • Bulk tank PCR detection limit one in 300
  • 50% of herds seropositive to antigens probably

ear notch tissue test
check test: annual monitoring: 5 bloods per group to test antibodies

(seroconvert ie antigen> antibody over 3 weeks)

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41
Q

zoonotic
2 forms: hardjo - prajitno and hardjo-bovis
resides in kidneys and can be excreted for a long time
lower fertility, abortion, still birth, PI of repro tract, retained fetal membranes

dx by
bulk milk tank antibodies
serology by MAT (microscopic agglutination test)
identification of agent from aborted tissue, blood or urine by PCR

which bovine abortion agent is this?

A

Leptospirosis hardjo

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42
Q

Treatment for leptospirosis hardjo

A

dihydrostreptomycin
oxytetracycline

long course

early treatment reduces risk of latent carrier status

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43
Q

outcome of infection with neospora

A

10% abort
80% PI
10% normal/ weak

44
Q

diagnosis for neospora

management of positive cases?

A

maternal serology for antibodies
test calf at birth or histopathology on aborted calf

breed to beef

45
Q

BHV-1, which strain causes abortion disease?

A

infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBR)

other strain is IPV = Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginitis

46
Q

which abortion agent
latent carriers in trigeminal ganglion
recrudescence under stress
can cause resp and repro symptoms but unusually to get both at once

A

BHV-1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis strain )

47
Q

management of IBR?

A

intranasal marker vaccine

rispoval/ bovilis

48
Q

which species of salmonella can cause abortion
found in faeces, feed, fomites
is zoonotic

A

salmonella dublin

49
Q

when should you give vaccine for salmonella dublin?

A

2months pre calving

50
Q

which abortion agent
causes
chronic endometritis and early embryonic death
abortions

A

Campylobacter fetus venerealis> chronic endometritis and early embryonic death and abortions 4-5 months

campylobacter fetus fetus> abortions

51
Q

expected thyroid weight calculation

A

(foetal weight (kg)/2) - 3

may be enlarged with iodine deficiency

52
Q

estimating age of abortion from calf carcass

using tibial length (L)
gestation age (days)

L<58mm

L=58-163mm

L>160mm

A

L<58mm, then days = (1.7L) + 68

L=58-163mm, then days = (0.91L) + 114

L>160mm, then days =L+105

53
Q

can you do the following post mortem examinations on farm or have to send off?

  1. crown-rump length ref gestational age
  2. thyroid gland weight  enlargedindicates iodine deficiency
  3. fractures/haemorrhages
  4. fluid compartment –itis
  5. placentitis
  6. liver rupture- often sign of dystocia/ trauma
  7. meningeal haemorrhage / oedema
A

on farm yourself

54
Q

can you do the following post mortem examinations on farm or have to send off?

  1. Placentome or placenta
  2. Spleen: bvd pcr
  3. Liver: IBR + bacteriology
  4. Stomach contents: bacti e.g. Salm; campy
  5. Kidney: lepto
  6. Brain: Neospora
  7. Left ventricle
  8. Thyroid
  9. Eyelid: ureaplasma; fungal hyphae in hair follicles
  10. Paired dam serology
A

send off

55
Q

Which diseases of tested for routinely in bulk milk tank

A

BVD
Lepto
Neospora
Johnes

56
Q

which disease is tested for from Sheath/vaginal washing

A

campylobacteriosis

57
Q

list issues causing fertility issues in cattle

A

Drop in social status

Caesarean

Bad calving

Low body condition

Lameness- lame cows have first CL and first oestrus later and lower intensity than normal. Oestrus behaviours reduced. Do not respond as well to progesterone synchronisation regime.

Mastitis- first CL and first oestrus later, smaller follicles, reduced fertility, longer to ovulate if synchronised

Milk fever- endometritis, RFM, difficult calving, sub clinical low calcium

High milk yield- signs of standing oestrus decrease with yield + more silent heats

58
Q

what % of bulls should get 50 normal cycling healthy female pregnant cows pregnant within 9 weeks

A

90%

60% should be pregnant within 1st 3 weeks (1st cycle)

59
Q

how could the following conditions reduce a bulls fertility

A) poor eyesight, low libido

B) lameness, back pain, small size

C) penile papilloma, penile deviations eg corkscrew, hock OCD

D) scrotal circumference <34cm

E) infection/ too fat/ dermatits of scrotum

A

A= cant detect cows in heat

b) cant mount cows
c) cant serve cows
d) less able to produce viable sperm
e) heats up testicles, less viable sperm

60
Q

ideal BCS of bull about to be used for bulling

A

3-3.5

fat bulls= lower libido

61
Q

how to libido test a bull

A

bull put with cow in hear

serve her within20 mins, ideally within 10

62
Q

minimum scrotal circumference

if over 2 years

A

30cm

34cm if over 2 years

63
Q

what gross motility score for bull sperm is accepted

A

> 3/5

64
Q

what % of linear progressive motility is accepted for bull semen

A

> 60%

65
Q

what is the accepted % for correct sperm morphology for bull semen

A

> 70%

66
Q

how does the following developmental abnormalities affect semen evaluation

distal midpiece reflex

proximal droplet

A

distal midpiece reflex&raquo_space; affects progressive motility

proximal droplet&raquo_space; prevents binding to ova

67
Q

what is used to detect WBC in semen

A

methylene blue

68
Q

method of bull semen collection

A

a. Artificial vagina
b. Electroejaculation

1-2 mins massage ampullae, keep everything warm
High vol and lower conc semen

c. Transrectal ampullary massage

d. Internal artificial vagina
Risks spread of venereal disease
Welfare aspect of retrained mount animals

With all bulls get involuntary leg extension and some will vocalis

69
Q

how to treat penile haematoma

sudden bending to erect penis> rupture of tunica albugina

A

cull

medical <15cm
sexual rest for 2 months,
cold hosing for 4 days followed by warm hosing and massage for 3 weeks.
Antibiotics to stop abscess formation and NSAIDs

Surgical: removal of blood clot and suturing of tunica albuginea, followed by medical tx.

70
Q

what nerve block is required for surgical removal of penile fibropapilloma

A

pudendal

71
Q

what is a persistent frenulum and how should it be managed?

A

prepuce attached to penis (normally breaks at puberty)

dont keep to breed replacement bulls

72
Q

how should preputial prolapse be treated?

A

surgery to remove scarring to allow penis to be exteriorised

73
Q

how long does spermatogenesis take in bull

A

60 days

74
Q 
hydrocoele
scrotal fat 
adhesions
dermatitis
pyrexia

all cause what

A

testes issues causing reduced spermatogenesis

75
Q

Cows
endometritis after service, failure to concieve late embryonic death, abortion at 4-5 months

Dx: Vaginal mucus culture, low sensitivity so best to test in bulls first

Sequalae: develop immunity after a few months (immunity lasts 15 months) and can get pregnant again but may shed for 1 year

Epi: if endemic, affects heifers more as cows have established immunity (so long as exposure continues)

which sexually transmitted disease is this?

A

campylobacter fetus venerealis

76
Q

Bulls
no clinical signs, purely carriers
Dx: sheath washing and culture – APHA sampling kit
Sequalae: do not develop immunity

Tx: streptomycin – then retest with 2 preputial washings after 30 days, 3-7 days apart and repeated in another 30 days

Which sexually transmitted disease is this?

A

campylobacter fetus venerealis

as bulls age crypts in prepuce get bigger-> campylobacter harder to eradicate

77
Q

how to control campylobacter fetus venerealis

A

use AI for 2 years
separate infected from non infected

autogenous vaccine?

78
Q

protozoa – not found in UK

Bulls: transient balanoposthitis, asymptomatic carriers

Females: mucoflocculent discharge 1 week after service. May cause abortion at 2-4 months, may lead to pyometra

epi: once endemic, mostly heifers affected

which sexually transmitted disease is this

A

Trichomonas fetus

no tx, control as per other STDs

79
Q

BHV-1 genetically distinct from cause of IBR, venereal spread by carrier animals, incubation 1-3 days

Bull: inflammation of glans penis and prepuce

Cow: mucopurulent vaginal discharge.
Inflammation of the vaginal and vulvar mucosa with pustules which become ulcers

Diagnosis: PCR or FAT on swabs, or paired serology

Which sexually transmitted disease is this?

A

Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginitis (IPV)

No specific treatment, will get better without treatment
Not asc with abortion or resp disease
Uncommon in UK

80
Q

which stage of parturition is this

should take 3-6 hours

The cow separate herself from herd mates
Appetite decrease
Frequently alternate between lying and standing
A thick string of mucus is often seen hanging from the vulva
Towards the end abdominal straining occur more frequently, usually every 2-3 minutes

when should intervention occur?

A

Stage 1: dilation of the cervix

no progress after 6 hours, possible twisted uterus
extreme discomfort
bleeding from vulva

81
Q

which stage of parturition is this

Should take 30-60 mins
Begins with membranes at the vulva
Water bag ruptures
Cervix dilates with further pressure from calf
Powerful reflex and voluntary contractions of abdominal muscle and diaphragm (“straining”)

when should intervene?

A

Stage 2: delivery of calf
no progress of 1 hour of waterbag showing
extreme discomfort
bleeding from vulva

82
Q

which stage of parturition is this

should take 6-12 hours
usually happens very quickly

when should intervene

A

expulsion pf placenta

RFM if > 24 hours or >12 hours since delivery of calf

83
Q

what is an episiotomy and what is it used for?

A

incision into vulva to prevent uncontrolled ripping

as calf head passes through vulva cut at 10/11 oclock or 1/2 oclock

84
Q

what happens if make epiostomy incision at 12 o clock position

A

rectovaginal fistula

85
Q

are these major or minor indications for a caesarean

foetal-maternal disproportion in size
irreducible uterine torsion
insufficient cervical dilation

A

major

86
Q

are these major or minor indications for a caesarean

foetal malrepresentation
abnormal calf where embryotomy cant be used
dead emphysematous calf
constricted vaginal and vestibulum where massage cannot relieve constriction

A

minor

87
Q

when doing a caesarean, which LA block would you use

A

paravertebral nerve block is preference

88
Q

where to incise for cow caesarean

A

handbredth below transverse process and handbredth behind last rib

vertical incision or angled incision length of finger to elbow

89
Q

cause of uterine prolapse in cows?

A

hypocalcaemia

90
Q

what suture should you use to close up prolapse fix?

A

buhner suture

91
Q

risk factors for uterine torsion?

A

poor rumen fill
space in abdomen
hilly land
standing up and lying down

92
Q

majority of uterine torsions occur in which direction?

A

anticlockwise when stood behind cow

90-360 degrees

93
Q 
a cow due to calf 
appears to be at start of parturition 
no straining 
tail slightly raised 
down

vaginal exam feel lip in front of cervix

A

uterine torsion

94
Q

3 methods to correct uterine torsion?

A

‘Swing’ calf with coordinated ballottement of abdomen to flip the calf and uterine horn back into the correct position

Roll the cow: Majority of cases, roll cow from left lateral recumbency, onto her back, and into right lateral recumbency

Caesarean section – if Unable to untwist uterus

95
Q

definition of heritability

A

part of the phenotypic variation that is due to heritable gene effects

High heritability estimate for a trait means that we can more easily improve that through genetic selection

96
Q

define phenotypic correlation

A

measure the direction and strength of association between observed performance/ phenotypes
(eg milk yield/ protein, live weight/ fat depth

97
Q

define genotypic correlation

A

Genetic correlations: direction and strength of association between genetic merit for two traits
• Genes affecting more than one traits (pleiotropy)
• Closely linked genes affecting two traits

98
Q

define breeding value

A

added genetic meritability of the animal

positive zero or negative

99
Q

5 health and management aspects that drive suckler herd production

A 
cow fertility 
calf management
restricted breeding season 
best calving season 
bull fertility management 
replacement management 
breeding evalution
bull fertility 
good herd health
100
Q

ideal duration of calving season in beef suckler herd?

A

9-12 weeks

101
Q

benefits of compact calving season

A 
√	Cow reproductive fitness 
√	Favourable environment 
√	Heifer selection 
√	Management procedures 
√	Disease control 
√	Calving supervision / work efficiency 
√	Strategic nutrition 
√	Homogenous group at sale
102
Q

target age for heifers at first calving

A

2 years

103
Q

target calving period duration for heifers

A

6 weeks, ensure calve early in the period to give more time for uterine involutiona nd growth

104
Q

main KPI for suckler herd is

calfs weaned: cows to bull

A

88:100

105
Q

21 day calving rate target

A

> 65%

Farm Animal Year 4 (12 decks)

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