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Farm Animal Year 4 > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

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1
Q

which cranial nerve damage are these clinical signs associated with

Blindness- no menace response

A

optic nerve damage

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2
Q

which cranial nerve damage are these clinical signs associated with

jaw drop
absent palate reflex- press palate and mouth should open

A

trigeminal

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3
Q

which cranial nerve damage are these clinical signs associated with

cannot close eyelid
lower lip hanging off , one sided mouth closure failure

A

facial

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4
Q

which cranial nerve damage are these clinical signs associated with

animal unable to swallow (test with tube) or cough (tracheal pinch)
disturbed rumen contraction

A

vagal

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5
Q

which cranial nerve damage are these clinical signs associated with

tongue hanging out of mouth, unable to retract

A

hypoglossal

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6
Q

what do neurological tests test for?

o Pinch the withers
o Tail reflex (touch perineum or perineal side of tail)
o Anus reflex (thermometer – contraction sphincter)
o Scrotal reflex (wrinkling of the scrotal skin when it is touched)
o Patella reflex (calves)
o Radio-carpal extensor reflex (calves)
o Pinch skin between claws – animal will bend leg

A

spinal reflexes

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7
Q

calves 1 week old
lack of colostrum

Diarrhoea, fever, anorexia, stiff neck, hyperaesthesia; spasmodic extension of limbs (when stimulated), muscle fasciculations; depression or ‘mania’, signs of pain when neck extended, tetraparesis, hyperflexia, circling, falling over; cranial nerves may be involved (nystagmus, facial palsy, blindness etc.); coma/fitting.

May present like hypomagnesaemia (‘staggers’)

ddx?
tx?

A

meningitis
antibiotics that penetrate BBB
trimethoprim, sulfonamide doxycycline

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8
Q

need to contact APHA neurological conditions?

A 
lead poisoning 
aujeskys 
rabies
BSE
brain tumour
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9
Q

slower onset and more asymmetric signs

Initially vision loss/mydriasis in contralateral eye, may progress to compulsive walking, head pressing, circling, head tilt (towards lesion), depression or mania, coma.

When extending to base of the brain may give ‘cranial nerve signs’.

Later stages: hypertonicity, hyperflexia, opisthotonus, coma, convulsions.

A

brain abscess

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10
Q

tx for brain abscess

A

ABs as for meningitis

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11
Q

Domed cranium

Diffuse cerebral signs mania head pressing muscle tremor, convulsions blindness weakness

A

Hydrocephalus

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12
Q

breeds predisposed to hydrocephalus

A

holstein
jersey
friesian
guernsey

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13
Q

cause of cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN)

A

Absolute: thiamine deficiency in re ruminant claves

Relative: large amount of bacterial thiaminases produced (bacteria use up thiamine) when cows have overindulging on concentrates; bracken? Oral wormers?

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14
Q

which ages of cattle prone to CCN

A

6-18 months

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15
Q

Early signs: head up in the air and appear blind; diarrhoea (concentrates?); hyperesthesia and muscle tremors also possible.

Late signs: opisthotonos= star gazing, headpressing, strabismus, miosis, excitement,
repetitive chewing, facial twitching, nystagmus, head tilt, convulsions.

ddx?

A

CCN

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16
Q

how to diagnose CCN?

A

History: diet change, oral wormers recently, clinical signs+ response to tx

blood thiaminase

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17
Q

PME shows

brain pale,
swollen,
patchy yellow discolouration (accumulation of lipofuscin pigments in lipophages)
fluoresce under U.V light

ddx?

A

CCN

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18
Q

Tx of CCN

A

0.15mg/kg thiamine vitamin B1repeated every 4 hours for 24hrs
o Respond in 3-6 hours

Corticosteroids

Identify and rectify underlying cause

Thiamine-supplemented ration; introduce concentrates slowly

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19
Q

Cerebral and GI signs

First stages: stand alone and depressed; hyperaesthesia, muscular fasciculations

Progresses to ataxia, blindness (pupillary reflexes present), head pressing, episodic manic behaviour, convulsions, coma

Also abdominal pain, rumen atony (bloat), diarrhoea, frothing at the mouth

Severe will die 12-24 hrs; sudden death may also occur

A

lead poisoning

20
Q

tx lead poisoning

A

Control fits with i.v. pentobarbitone (dose to effect)(care food chain)

Chelate lead CaEDTA slow drip every 2 nd day for 3 treatments

Thiamine subcut daily (mobilises intracellular lead into blood)

Oral magnesium sulphate to precipitate lead from GI tract

21
Q

Acute onset of obsessive licking, circling, staggering, head pressing, pica, aggression (CARE)

Signs last 1-2 hours; recur at 10-hourly intervals

Dx: ketones blood or Rotheroes test

A

Nervous ketosis

22
Q

tx for nervous ketosis

A

40% dextrose i.v, propylene glycol BID, corticosteroids

23
Q

Hyperexcitable, may charge

Erect ears, ear twitching, hyperaesthesia

Muscle fasiculations / tremors

Frenzied running turning into staggering

Lateral recumbency with violent episodes of ophistotonus and convulsions (can be triggered by any stimulus CARE CAN INDUCE THE FITS IF NOISY/ ROUGH HANDLING)

Dead within an hour of the seizure episodes

A

Hypomagnesia

24
Q

season when most likely to get hypomagnesia

A

spring> winter

25
Q

sp/br hypomagnesia

A

pastured lactating beef cows in first months after calving

26
Q

Dehydrated, depression, diarrhoea and colic, star-gazing, blindness, aggressiveness, hyperexcitability, vocalisation, head pressing, teeth grinding .

hisotry of water deprivation/ high salt

A

Salt poisoning

27
Q

Depression, ataxia, conscious prioprioceptive deficit, circling, nystagmus, strabismus, aggression, pruritus (of the head), dead within 2 days.

Contact with pigs.

A

Pseudorabies

28
Q

Hyperexcitability, fear, rage, depression, flaccid paralysis.

Try to moo but no sound comes out

A

rabies

29
Q

Initial signs often subtle but always progressive, rate of progression variable 2-3 weeks to several months

Weight loss

Hyperaesthesia, fine fasciculations of head and neck shoulder flank, teeth grinding,

Apprehensive when approached, reluctant to be milked or moved through gate ways

Ataxia

Aggression

no diagnostic test, only histopathology, western blotting or immunocytochemsitry for PrPSC

A

BSE

30
Q

Calves born to deficient dams – blindness, weakness, domed forehead, thickened carpal joints

Deficient calves – blindness, anorexia, diarrhoea, pneumonia (‘ill thrift’)

Older cattle – blindness, star gazing, nystagmus, ataxia (hind limbs first), convulsions; also diarrhoea and occasionally thickening and whitening of cornea.

Dx: pupillary light reflex
- Pale optic disc

A

hypovitaminosis

31
Q

Febrile

Dull; loss of lip and cheek muscle tone: difficulty in eating chewing, accumulation cud in cheek, salivation, tongue protrude

Ptosis, drooping of ear on the deviant side, circling

Headpressing, propulsive walking

Infection travels up to brainstem from conjunctiva, face/mouth via trigeminal nerve

A

Listeriosis

32
Q

tx of listeriosis

A

high dose penicillin

33
Q

clinical signs of hypoplasia?

A

Balance (ataxia, falling backward) or unable to stand, tremor, hypermetria, nystagmus

Severe opisthotonus

34
Q

breeds ore likely to get hypoplasia of cerebellum

A

Hereford, guernsey, holstein, shorthorn, ayrshire

35
Q

Pain, heat, swelling; animals stiff, reluctant to eat from the ground;

if close to brain hyperaesthesia, spasmic muscle contractions, recurrent profuse sweating.

Treatment: antibiotics (see meningitis).

A

spinal abscess

36
Q

Asymmetric spasticity and hypertonia of the extensor muscles of the rear limbs

Continuous when the animal stands but not when it lays down

due to excessive Tone of Gastrocnemius Muscle

A

spastic paresis

37
Q

tx of spastic paresis

A

Neurectomy of the tibial nerve rootlets innervating the gastrocnemius muscle

38
Q

cause of tetanus?

A

Clostridium tetani toxin

39
Q

Stiffness, reluctance to move, muscle tremors

Prolapse 3 rd eyelid, RUMEN TYMPANY, elevation tail

Progression to generalized muscular tetany and “rocking horse” position

Recumbancy, convulsions, death

A

tetanus

40
Q

dx of tetanus?

tx?

A

no test

more management, Animal well bedded kept in dark and quiet

  1. Antitoxin not much help unless very early.
  2. Penicillin high doses.
  3. Irrigation of infection site penicillin, antitoxin.
  4. Muscle relaxants?

Vaccination

41
Q

Muscle weakness, progressing to ataxia and then paralysis

Anorexia, dilated pupils

Excessive drooling

Droopy expression, tongue may hang out of mouth

Decreased rumen motility, bloat, constipation

Respiratory failure leading to death

no sure diagnostic signs, smaples of feed and bedding may help

A

botulism

Clostridium botulinum

42
Q

tx of botulism

A

supportive,

purgatives to remove toxins. Fluids.

43
Q

cow just calved
unable to adduct limb (appears like doing splits)

ddx?
tx?

A

obturator nerve damage

chain legs , soft bedding , corticosteroids

44
Q

Hyperextension of hock fetlock and digits flexed (knuckled over)

diagnosed by loss of skin sensation below fetlock dorsal surface

A

peroneal nerve damage

45
Q

cow recumbent and struggling to rise

non weight bearing, no sensation distal to stifle

A

sciatic nerve damage

Farm Animal Year 4 (12 decks)

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