Lameness Flashcards
What are 3 claw horn disruption lesions?
Sole haemorrhage/ bruising
Sole ulcer
White line lesion/ abscess
which CHDL is caused from pressure on pedal bone or external pressure esp when soles are thin
sole bruising/ haemorrhage
which CHDL is a more severe manifestation of sole bruising, can leads to disrupted sole horn production and exposure of the corium
sole ulcer
which CHDL is associated with shearing/ sideways forces on feet
white line lesions
why are cows that are about to calf more likely to get CHDLs?
relaxin and oestrogen > increases laxity of 3rd phalanx
lower BCS >
3 aetiology factors of CHDL
excessive movement of third phalanx
reduced digital cushion
claw horn overgrowth
best BCS to reduce chance of lameness?
2-2.5
skin overgrowth, only painful if infected
mechanical changes makes cows appear lame
removal under regional anaesthesia if painful
caused by chronic skin irritation and is hereditary
which non infectious cause of lameness is this
interdigital hyperplasia
asc with over wear or over trimming of toe sole
trim/ block unaffected claw
which non infectious cause of lameness is this
toe ulcer/ necrosis
not always painful, exposed corium + granulation tissue trimming black unaffected claw stabilise hoof wall 'sandcrack'
which non infectious cause of lameness is this
vertical wall crack
starts from previous lesion (foul in foot, sole ulcers), extremely painful
amputation or euthanasia
deep digital sepsis
abscess above heel bulb
one claw, extensive painful swelling of the heel region of a single digit
which non infectious cause of lameness is this
retroarticular abscess
dorsal edge of claw wall deviates from straight line
which non infectious cause of lameness is this
corkscrew claw
reduced forward stride if indicative of
upper or lower limb pain?
upper
would the stride length of the good or bad leg be shortened in upper limb pain?
stride length of good leg is shortened to lessen the time the bad leg is weight bearing
head bobs up if
front leg pain
back leg pain
front leg pain
calf unable to flatten digits
asc with position in utero, manganese deficiency
treated by manual straightening on leg + splint and cast
tenonectomy
tendon contraction
history of sudden force/ trauma, hypophosphataemia if bilateral
angle of hock is more acute, hip to hock much straighter
gastrocnemius rupture
commonly from bull from mounting or cows at point of oestrus when riding
Acute lameness, becoming intermittent, joint effusion, crepitus
rupture of anterior cruciate ligament
leg in full extension intermittently, progressing to pull time
tx: cut medial patellar ligament on both legs
patellar fixation
young animal asc with
Ca, P, Cu deficiency
stiffness/ recumbency, bone distorsion, swelling/ joint epiphysis and pain
Osteodystrophy (rickets)
adult cow
stiffness/ recumbency, bone distorsion, swelling/ joint epiphysis and pain
osteodystrophy (osteoporosis and osteomalacia)
cow, young and fast growing, just turned out to field/ increased activity
lameness, stilted gait
dyspnoea if thoracic muscles affected
sudden death if cardiac muscles affected
asc with vit E and selenium deficiency
white muscle disease
hereford, charlais, angus and galloways
3m-2 years
bilateral, stifle outwards, hock in, fetlock out
mild inflam and protein increase on joint tap
Hip dysplasia
dorsal acetabulum and femeroal head erosion
focal necrosis cartilage vessels, particularly in skull and C1 (skull joint) and stifle
osteochondrosis
growing animal
severe and progressuce ongoing from osteochondrosis
affects
DIJ in calves
fetlock, carpus and tarsus in adults
ddx?
tx?
degenerative joint disease
amputation of claw
decreased anterior phase of walking and swelling of greater trochanter
crepitus when walking
cranial dorsal most common, can still be walking at this point
caudal ventral, puts pressure on obturator nerve, more severe
dorsal caudal and cranioventral forms rare
ddx?
tx?
hip dislocation
closed reduction (replace leg back into acetabulum ring and hold there)
disconspongylitis can occur from what?
septic arthritis
what is a hygroma
swelling over bony joints
herd issue
define arthrotomy
digital amputation
define arthrodesis
joint fusion
what surgical treatment is indicated with
Deep digital sepsis/ septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint
Complications with – if not treated in time: Sole ulcer White line abscesses Foul in the foot Penetrating injuries
Retroarticular abscesse
Non healing wall lesions- white line lesions that get re infected with digital dermatitis bacteria
Toe necrosis
Arthrotomy
what surgical treatment is indicated with
pain with mobility, alternative to amputation
o Chronic infection
o Arthritis
arthrodesis
is this method 1,2 or 3 of arthrotomy
disarticulation of proximal interphalangeal joint
method 1
is this method 1,2 or 3 of arthrotomy
not indicated as small part of P2 left, which causes complications
method 2
is this method 1,2 or 3 of arthrotomy
uses embryotomy wire
good method as it is faster and easier
method 3
is this an evaluation of arthrotomy or arthrodesis of digits
Remaining cartilages not thought to cause problems
Less painful
Reduces life span
arthrotomy
is this an evaluation of arthrotomy or arthrodesis of digits
increases lifespan
more stable
hurts more
arthrodesis
Which infectious foot conditions is caused by:
Treponemes spps
Bovine Digital Dermatitis
aet: Treponemes: T. medium-like, T. phagedenis-like. T. pedis
Which infectious foot conditions is caused by:
Fusobacterium Necrophorum and Bacteriodes melaninogenicus
Bovine foul in the foot
4 infectious foot conditions causing lameness
Bovine Digital Dermatitis
Bovine Foul in the Foot
Interdigital Dermatitis
Heel horn erosion
Which infectious foot conditions is caused by:
Dichelobacter nodosus
Interdigital dermatitis
Which infectious foot conditions is caused by:
progressive destruction of the heel
heel horn erosion
Which infectious foot condition
- Painful reddened area usually just above interdigital cleft between the heel bulbs
- Erected hair around lesions sometimes
- Very painful lameness.
- Reduced milk yields and reproduction
how would you diagnose this condition
bovine digital dermatitis
silver nitrate staining to see bacteria treponemes (characteristic spiral shape)
visual lameness and lesion score
which stage (M0-M4) of bovine digital dermatitis is this
Normal digital skin without signs of digital dermatitis
M0
which stage (M0-M4) of bovine digital dermatitis is this
Early small <2cm diameter lesion circumscribed red to grey epithelial defect that proceeds the acute M2 stage
M1
which stage (M0-M4) of bovine digital dermatitis is this
Acute, active ulceration (bright red) or granulomatous (red to grey) digital skin alteration. >2cm in diameter.
M2
which stage (M0-M4) of bovine digital dermatitis is this
Healing stage within one or two days of tropical treatment, the acute lesion is covered with a firm scab like material.
M3
which stage (M0-M4) of bovine digital dermatitis is this
Late chronic lesions that may be dyskaraotic (mostly thickened epithelium) or proliferative or both. The proliferation may be filamentous, scab like or mass proliferation.
Can have Chronic lesion with subacute components
Chronic, appearance of hairy wart
M4
treatment for bovine digital dermatitis
clean and dry lesion topical AB tetracycline blue spray salicylic acid powder NSAIDs no IM antibiotic due to milk withhold
3 main chemicals used in footbaths
which are bad for environment
which can cause hardening of foot and may be carcinogenic?
formalin - hardening
zinc sulphate - bad Enviro
copper sulphate - bad Enviro
3 main chemicals used in footbaths
which are bad for environment
which can cause hardening of foot and may be carcinogenic?
formalin - hardening
zinc sulphate - bad Enviro
copper sulphate - bad Enviro
Which infectious foot condition
- sudden onset of acute severe lameness- very painful
- animal holds leg up to relieve pressure
- swelling of interdigital space, whole foot can be swollen, necrosis of skin, characteristic smell
- fever, anorexia
- reduced milk yield
Bovine foul in the foot
Interdigital phlegmon/ Interdigital necrobacillosis/ Infectious pododermatitis
treatment for bovine foul in the foot
clean and remove necrotic material
3 day systemic penicllin, oxytetracyclin or macrolide
topical not effective
Which infectious foot condition:
no swelling
mild pain
not very lame
less severe than foul in the foot, lesion between digits
interdigital dermatitis
how to treat heel horn erosion?
foot trimming and topical antibiotic treatment
Prevalence of lameness in national dairy herd?
20-36.8%
what is the cow comfort quotient
no of cows using cubicles correctly/ number of cows using cubicles
