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Farm Animal Year 4 > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

DMI=?

measured in what

A

Dry matter intake

kg

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2
Q

DMI of dairy cow not lactating or pregnant

A

2-2.5% of bodyweight

eg 14kg for 700kg cow

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3
Q

DMI for lactating cow 30l per day

A

3% BW

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4
Q

DMI for lactating cow 50l per day (peak yield)

A

4% BW

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5
Q

DMI heavily pregnant cow start of dry period

A

2% bw

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6
Q

DMI last few weeks of pregnancy

A

reduce by 2-3kg

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7
Q

DMI last few days of pregnanct

A

4-6kg drop in DMI

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8
Q

MJ ME/ Kg DM

what is this

A

M/D

metabolisable energy from dry matter intake

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9
Q

what is the function of long chain carbohydrates in cattle digestion?

A

forms rumen mat and encourages cudding

slow fermentation, fibre

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10
Q

what is the function of short chain carbohydrates in cattle digestion?

A

energy source for microbes (Starch FME)

fast fermentation, sugars and starches

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11
Q

when would fats and oils be added to cattle diet?

A

high yielding cows which cannot meet energy requirements

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12
Q

what is a RDP?

A

rumen degradable protein

any N containing compound fermented to NH4+ in rumen

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13
Q

target BCS loss 1st few weeks post partum?

A

0.5-1 pt loss

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14
Q

1BCS point = ? kg

A

50kg

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15
Q

lactation energy requirements

A

a) production: 5MJ/ litre milk

PLUS

b) maintenance: 65-70MJ

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16
Q

DM % of

clamp grass silage

A

20-35%

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17
Q

DM % of

maize silage

big bale silage

A

30-35%

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18
Q

DM % of

hay

straw

A

85%

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19
Q

DM % of

grass

A

20%

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20
Q

M/D for clamp grass silage

A

10-12 MJ ME/kg/DM

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21
Q

M/D for maize silage

A

11-11.5 MJ ME/kg/DM

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22
Q

M/D for big bale silage

A

8.5-10.5 MJ ME/kg/DM

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23
Q

M/D for hay

A

8-9 MJ ME/kg/DM

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24
Q

M/D for straw

A

5.5- 6.5 MJ ME/kg/DM

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25
Q

M/D for grass

A

10-12.5 MJ ME/kg/DM

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26
Q

D/M concentrates

A

12.5 MJ ME/kg/DM

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27
Q

for clamp grass silage, if when squeezed

a) drips water
b) hand is damp
c) forms a dry ball

what is the DM of the sample?

A

a) drips water= 20%
b) hand is damp= 30%
c) forms a dry ball = 35%

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28
Q

if DMI is <11kg/ cow in dry period, what does this mean?

A

danger sign, should be 12-14 kg

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29
Q

minimum requirements for feed barrier space or trough space

  • milkers
  • dry
  • close to calving
A

60cm
80cm
90cm

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30
Q

how long is the dairy cow dry period

A

60 days

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31
Q

does dmi increase or decrease as dry period progresses?

A

decrease 2-2.5% of bodyweight

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32
Q

what is fat mobilisation syndrome?

A

cow too obese (overfed in dry period)> fat accumulation in liver> excess insulin produced> response to insulin decreases

inflammatory responses in liver and affects immunity

similar to type II diabetes

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33
Q

subcutaneous vs visceral fat

A

sub cut= on show

visceral is hidden

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34
Q

ideal BCS in dry period?

what happens if above or below

A
  1. 5-3.5, aim to calve at 2.5- 3.0 BCS
    above: increased dystocia risk, RFMs (retained fetal membranes), > milk fever risk, poorer feritlity, ketosisi, DA, immune suppression
    below: RFMs, poorer fertility, increased lameness,reduced production
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35
Q

what is SARA

A

sub acute ruminal acidosis

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36
Q

cause of SARA

A

excess concentrates
insufficient fibre

or combination of both

> > lactic acid production

> > increased sodium bicarbonate production (buffer) in saliva produced,

> > increases

  • rumen pH to above 7 which kills off microbes
  • encourages growth of lactobacilli bacteria

> > rumen papillae damage> rumenitis

leading to more likely to get whole load of other issues eg LDA< ketosis and lameness

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37
Q

where is most water taken in, in ruminant digestion?

A

rumen

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38
Q

what are the following risk factors for?

Insufficient long fibre in the diet 
Inaccurate fodder DM estimation
Over mixing of TMR
Excessive feeding of sugars and starches
Poor dry cow management
Slug feeding of concentrates in the parlour
Food deprivation and irregular feeding
Poor cow comfort 
previous SARA bout
A

SARA

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39
Q

best diagnostic test for SARA

A

rumen pH measurement <5.5

should be 6-7

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40
Q

herd affected,

excessive weight loss, overall poor health,

variable faeces, undigested grains and long fibre present + mucus casts

poor cudding times, rumen fill dirt and BC scores

top ddx?

how is this diagnosis confirmed?

A

SARA

sample 6 cows from

a) cows calved 14-21 days ago
b) cows calved 60-80 days ago

if 2 from either group has rumen pH<5.7 then yes has SARA

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41
Q

in SARA does the rumen pH stay consistently low or peaks and troughs?

A

peaks and troughs

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42
Q

in acute ruminal acidosis does the rumen pH stay consistently low or peaks and troughs?

A

drops and stays low

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43
Q

cause of acute ruminal acidosis?

A

overeating grain

often in pet sheep or cows and beef animals

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44
Q

group or individual

distended rumen, ataxia, diarrhoea, depression, recumbency and shock
apparent blindness

top ddx?

A

acute ruminal acidosis

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45
Q

tx of acute acidosis

A

mild- hay and observe

subacute: oral magnesium hydroxide or carbonate + hay (antacid)
peracute: rumenotomy and empty rumen contents then 5 5% sodium bicarbonate iv. clacium borogluconate

restrict water intake for 12-24 hours

NSAIDs, ABs,

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46
Q

hypocalcaemia often occurs due to lactation requirements

in what breeds of cows can it occur spontaneously

A

channel island breeds

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47
Q

cow just calved, initial hyper-excitement, recumbent, no faeces or urination, dry nose and postural bloat

slow pulse and heart rate

top ddx?

what must you do with the cow as well as medical tx?

A

hypocalcaemia

need to move into sternal recumbency so can allow eurification

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48
Q

how would you treat hypocalcaemia in a recently calved cow?

A

Ca Borogluconate 40%

1 bottle iv
1 bottle sub cut

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49
Q

sheep, history of DMI fall and stress. bad weather and reduced feed from barrier

found recumbent ewe in field. has not lambed

top ddx?
tx?

A

hypocalcaemia

20ml ca borogluconate iv

50
Q

how would you treat hypophosphataemia in a cow

A

vigophos solution

usually asc with hypocalcaemia and haemoglobinuria so check these too

51
Q

cow found dead in field
dairy cow in spring time, high yielder
pasture is lush

top ddx?

A

grass staggers: hypomagnesia

52
Q

autumn time, suckler cow with large calf

was twitchy and hypersensitive and is now recumbent
top ddx?
tx?

if the cow was convulsing, what could you treat with?

A

grass staggers, hypomagnesia

as recumbent would give ca first, then 200ml MgSO4 i/v SLOW

if not recumbent: bottle MgSO4 s/c multiple sites

convulsions: xylazine and pentobarbitone

53
Q

cause of ketosis?

A

not enough glucose OR too much fat

> > mobilisation of fat stores» ketone build up

this is FMS= fat mobilisation syndrome

54
Q

risk factors for what metabolic disease?

high or low BCS
pregnant with twins
lame cows

A

ketosis

55
Q

cow with reduced milk yield, selective appetite, BHOBs in blood> 1.2mmol/L, firm faeces,

what milk test could you do?
top ddx?

tx?

A

ketosis

milk test= rothera’s, ketostix

propylene glycol oral
corticosteroids
glucose iv
vit B12, thiamine B1
kexxtone: monesin bolus
56
Q

hyperexcited low BCS cow, twitching and salivaton

ddx?

A

nervous ketosis - check blood BHOB, treat with iv glucose
hypomagnesia - history
listeriosis
BSE

57
Q

recumbent cow after calving

ddx?

A

milk fever : normal temp/ pulse rate
acute coliform mastitis: high temp/ pulse rate etc
botuklism
injury at calving: femoral/ obturator nerve damage, femoral head ligament damage

58
Q

what is ERDP and UDP

A 
ERDP= effective rumen degradable protein 
UDP= undegradeable dietary protein

digestable crude protein= ERDP- UDP

59
Q

what is NEFA

A

NEFA= Non-esterified (“free” or unsaturated) fatty acids

60
Q

target BCS change from dry period to lactation

A

-0.5 BCS

dry period 2.5
early lactation 2-2.5
drying off 2.5
mid lactation 2.5

61
Q

spring time, ewe rearing twins or late summer time ewe weaned off lambs,

which is more likely to get grass staggers

A

ewe rearing twins in spring

62
Q

name the element deficiency + give dx

Swayback, coat colour, falling disease
reduced immunity

scottish blackface prone

A

copper

liver from cull cows or liver biopsyto check liver cu status

63
Q

name the element deficiency

Appetite and feed intake, immune status (endometritis and mastitis), teratogenic effects, hoof, horn and hair integrity, teat keratin.

A

zinc

64
Q

name the element deficiency

white muscle disease, cardiomyopathies
stillbirth/ weak calf syndrome
reduced immunity

A

selenium

65
Q

name the element deficiency

weak neonates, stillbirth/ weak calf syndrome, lower conception, retained placement, cystic ovaries, abortion
Reduced thyroid function

A

iodine

66
Q

name the element deficiency

reduced growth, wool changes, poor appetite, anaemia, thin skin

A

iodine

67
Q

name the element toxicity

Haemolytic crisis- jaundice and death

Sp/br: Texel and north ronaldsey sheep, dairy cows

can cause issues in humans if they eat meat affected by this

A

copper

poisoning is >500mg/kg cu liver cu levels, but toxicity can occur at lower levels

68
Q

name the element toxicity

Acute: blind staggers

Chronic: alkali disease (dull, rough coat, hairloss, sore hooves, sudden death)

A

zinc

69
Q

aetiological agent of johnes

A

MaP

mycobacterium avian subspecies psuedotuberculosis

70
Q

would an ELISA or IFN-y assay more likely detect a shedding cow

A

ELISA- if has humoral antibody response, more progressed. more likely to be a shedder.

IFN-y is produced from th1 cells, more earlier stage disease is managed by cell mediated immunity first

71
Q

cow weight loss, profuse watery diarrhoea, bright and alert and bottle jaw

top ddx

A

johnes

72
Q

most reliable test for johnes?

A

faecal PCR is gold standard

bacteriologic culture is most reliable

73
Q

PME of johnes

A

thickened, corrugated mucosa

terminal si, caecum and firstpart of colon affected

enlarged lymph nodes and lymphatics

74
Q

johnes (map) can cause false positive on which test and false negative on which other test?

A

false + for TB mammalian

false - fro tb avian

75
Q 
Sudden onset – drop in yield
Increased temp 39.50
Reduced rumen contractions.
Hunched up
Adducted elbows
In-appetent, dull, depressed.

top ddx?

diagnsti test?

A

traumatic reticulitis

eric williams or withers pinch, metal detector

76
Q

what is eric williams test?

A

listen over trachea and feel rumen contractions in L sub lumnar fossa

grunt before primary contraction
reduction in primary cycle
breath holding prior to primary contraction

77
Q

tx for traumatic reticulitis

A

exploratory rumenotomy

78
Q

where would. you incise for exploratory rumenotomy

A

left sub lumbar fossa

79
Q

pasture containing alfalfa, lucerne or clover

finely ground grain

likely to lead to what in a herd of cows?

A

frothy bloat

80
Q

how would you treat frothy bloat?

A

stomach tube + simethicone (surfactant)

then exercise

emergency incise L sub lumbar fossa to relieve pressure

81
Q

LHS distention, painful, relectant to move or eat, resp distress, death quick once recumbent

top ddx

A

bloat

82
Q

bloated upper left and lower right (10 to 4 appearance)

history of traumatic reticulitis

top ddx?
tx?

A

vagus indigestion

poor pgs, rumen lavage
fluid therapy

(vagus nerve injury and reticular adhesions
actinobacillosis of rumen/ reticulium, pregnancy, fibropapillomas of cardia)

83
Q

reduced milk yield, ketosis, selective appetite- prefers fibre, 0-4 weeks post calving

resonant ping
absence of rumen sounds over rumen

top ddx

A

LDA

84
Q

3 attachments of the abomasum

A

omasum
duodenum
omentum

85
Q

2 non surgical methods for tx LDA?

prevention?

A

rolling
toggling

keep on high fibre diet, keep rumen filled

86
Q

4 surgical methods for tx LDA

A

left to right (bilateral flank) requires 2 people

right side omentopexy

left side omentopexy (utrecht). care with milk vein.

ventral paramedian- cow is cast

87
Q

why is RDA worse than LDA

A

ischaemic necrosis of abomasum occurs» endotoxaemia, mucosa damage metabolic alkalosis and hypochloraemia, dehydration

88
Q

cow in appetent/ depressed, reduced faeces, dehydrated, tachycardia, pale MM and dry, doughy rumen- total outflow obstruction, reduced rumen turnover,

ping in middle to upper 1/3rd right side of abdomen, tense viscus felt cranially per rectum

what could this be if the cow was even sicker and severely dehydrated

A

RDA

RDA with torsion

89
Q

tx for rda?

A

dilation/ displcaement: caclium 40%, metoclopramide, buscopan, fluids

drain and replace

torsion: slaughter, surgery

90
Q

dairy cow 1st few month of lactation, excess carbs

Ping in dorso-caudal right sublumbar fossa.
Rectally: Distended, recognisable viscus into the pelvis.

a) Long cylindrical, movable organ.
Blind end points to pelvic cavity.

b) Points cranial and lateral or medial

A

caecal dilation - not serious. observe

caecal volvulus - serious, surgery asap, cecrosis / twist of caecum risk

91
Q

these are risk factors for which gi disease?

Lactating dairy cows:Early lactation:

a) Stress of lactation.
b) High levels of grain
c) Increased incidence at grass????

Mature bulls and feed lot cattle

a) Stressfule vent of transport
b) Surgery
c) Fractures

Handled calves
- Common at weaning – in anticipation of getting food?

A

abomasal ulcers

92
Q

type 1,2,3 or 4 abomasal ulcer

Non perforating.
Minimal amounts of intra luminal haemorrhage.

A

type I

93
Q

type 1,2,3 or 4 abomasal ulcer

Major blood vessel perforates.
Severe blood loss.
Melena

A

type 2

94
Q

type 1,2,3 or 4 abomasal ulcer

Perforating ulcer.
Acute, local peritonitis.
Peritonitis localised by greater omentum.

A

type 3

95
Q

type 1,2,3 or 4 abomasal ulcer

Perforating ulcer.
Diffuse peritonitis

A

type 4

96
Q 
Melena= black tar faeces 
Abdominal pain.
Pale MM.
Sudden onset anorexia
Tachycardia
If perforation unable to stand and hypovolaemic

mature lactating dairy cow

top ddx?

A

abomasal ulcer

  • fundic ulceration

pyloric ulceration if it were a claf

97
Q

how to treat abomasal ulcers?

A

1) Magnesium oxide oral 800g /450kg daily (antacid)

blood transfusion/ surgery- only if have to go in for other cause

98
Q 
Inability to swallow/ stop eating 
Anxiety/ restlessness 
Regurgitation of feed and H2O
Drooling.
Bloat.

top ddx?

A

oesophageal obstruction

Intra luminal

  • Potatoes / Turnips
  • Placenta!
  • Prevent by cutting them up before feeding
  • Reduce competition, increased feed barrier space

Extra luminal
- Pressure by surrounding organs
o Mediastinal abscesses.
o Tuberculous Lymph Nodes

Conservative approach.: Many self resolve.
1.	Starve and observe.
2.	Sedate – xylazine
3.	Buscopan
4.	Flunixin.
Manual removal 
•	Gag and pass hand to back of pharynx.
•	with cutting loop on inside.
•	If in cardia push into rumen with probang care  strictures/ diverticula 
If unsuccessful 
1.	Trocharise rumen to relieve bloat.
2.	Feed via rumen.
3.	Wait till obstruction passes.
4.	Warn owner of possible oesophageal damage/necrosis
99
Q

faecal sample shows what for
ostertagia
lungworm

A

eggs

L1

100
Q

1st season dairy heifers
Autumn born suckler calves
Spring born suckler calves

prone to which parasite disease?

A

pa

PGE

101
Q

Bloody dysentery and tenesmus, Chronic wasting/ poor appetite

Young calves (3-4 weeks post-weaning ages) Housed AND grazing animals

which GI parasite?

A

coccidosis

Eimeria zuernii & E. bovis

tx: Toltrazuril & Diclazuril

102
Q

Young calves (14-21 days
Diarrhoea and dehydration
Co-infection with viral pathogens common
Faecal smears: Ziehl-Nielsen staining

which gi parasite

A

cryptosporidium

halofuginone- prophylaxis
tx: supportive

103
Q

cattle abortion

history of dogs on pasture

A

neospora

104
Q

how to differentiate rumen flukes and fasciola hepatica

A

Clear fluke eggs, F hepatica eggs bile stained gold colour.

105
Q 
when 
PGE
lung worm 
type I and II ostertagiosis 
fluke
A

PGE july/ august

type I ostertagiosis: august

lungworm september, after wet summer

fasciola: autumnm

type II ostertagiosis winter/spring

106
Q

dx of husk/ d viviparus

A

o Live L1 larvae passed in faeces
 Patent infection >26 days
 Baerman technique • >250um sieve/ gauze aperture • 24 hours
o Antibody ELISAs: Serum or milk samples
 Seroconversion >28 days •
 Antibody titres persist 4-7 months post-infection
 Bulk milk tank sample analysis.
 Positive results indicate >30% herd infected

107
Q

dx fluke

A

Copro-antigen ELISA

antibody elisa for 1st season grazing cattle

108
Q

flukicide that does all stages?

A

triclabendizole

109
Q

which poisoning is this?

Acute poisoning- young calves
o Sudden death, neurological signs: muscle tremors, twitching, hyperthermia, salivation, rolling eyes, bellowing, blindness, stiff gait, convulsions with opisthotonos

Subacute- adult cattle and sheep
o Animals live for several days. Neurological: dullness, anorexia, salivation, blindness, incoordination, staggering, circling, muscle tremors

Chronic- lambs with access to soils high in lead
o Nephritis common. Pregnant animalsabortion and poor fertility
o 2 syndromes
 Ill thrift with gait abnormalities
 Lameness and paralysis due to fractures (osteoporosis)

Subclinical= chronic exposure at low levels, no CS
how to dx?
how to tx?

A

lead

heparin levels in blood >0.48umol/litre

chelation therapy, thiamine hydrochloride, supportive therapy, rumenotomy
Human health: 16 week voluntary withdrawal from food chain

110
Q

which poisoning is this?

jaundice and haemoglobinuria, ataxia, recumbency and eventual death

PME: pale or jaundiced, dehydrated, liver pale tan or bronze coloured, kidneys dark red or gun metal grey, urine dark red/ back, secondary lung consolidation

tx??

A

copper

molybdenum - copper antagonist

111
Q

which poisoning is this?

rat poison ingestion or ingestion of rate that has ingested rat poison
anaemic, non pyrexic, weak, haemorrhages

can ever enter food chain?

A

Many products: warfarin, brodifacoum, bromadiolone, diphacenone, chlorophacinone

never

112
Q

which poisoning is this?

lack of O2> anoxia, cyanotic mucosae, tachypnoea, weak and rapid pulse. Subacute or chronic forms

blood- plasma protein bound nitrite, chocolate brown discolouration of blood

tx?

A

nitrite and nitrate poisoning

methylene blue

113
Q

which poisoning is this?

broiler litter as fertiliser
found dead, or recumbent with flaccid paralysis or ataxic

A

botulism

no tx

114
Q

which poisoning is this?

neurological 1-2 weeks after exposure fine tremors of head and neck at rest, head nodding, jerky movements of the neck and limbs, alteration in stance.
- Severely affected animals: collapse head first into lateral recumbency necks arched back and limbs extended. Tetanic spasma can persist for several minutes before apparent recovery

A

ryegrass staggers lolittrem

115
Q

which mycotoxin causes ill thrift, reduced fertility. Photosensitivity, photophobia, swelling of face and ears

A

sporidesmin of Pithomyces chartarum

fungi found in leaf litter in shaded pasture

116
Q

which mycotoxin causes
capillary damage, inflamed lower legs ears and tails- dry gangrenous. Loose weight, reduced milk yeidl and painful udders. Irritation of Gi tract with abdominal pain and vomiting

A

ergotism

Claviceps purpurea produces ergot alkaloids

117
Q

which mycotoxin causes
pigs most common, also other sp
hyperestrogenism hyperemia and swelling of vulva, mammary glands. Nymphomania. Rectal and vaginal prolapse, poo libido in boars

A

zearaleonone

118
Q

how to avoid mycotoxin poisoning

A

dry grain properly low moisture content, keep silage well covered,keep all bedding/ feed dry. Could add a mycotoxin binder to ration.

119
Q

which mycotoxin poisoning is this

hepatic function, decreased feed intake and milk yield, reccurent infection immune suppression

A

Alfatoxins > aspergillus fungi

120
Q

Dexynivalenol
( DOM/ Vomitoxin)
mycotoxin causes which cx?

A

lower feed intake, milk yielf, diarrhoea, immune alterations

Farm Animal Year 4 (12 decks)

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