Nutrition Flashcards
1
Q
DMI=?
measured in what
A
Dry matter intake
kg
2
Q
DMI of dairy cow not lactating or pregnant
A
2-2.5% of bodyweight
eg 14kg for 700kg cow
3
Q
DMI for lactating cow 30l per day
A
3% BW
4
Q
DMI for lactating cow 50l per day (peak yield)
A
4% BW
5
Q
DMI heavily pregnant cow start of dry period
A
2% bw
6
Q
DMI last few weeks of pregnancy
A
reduce by 2-3kg
7
Q
DMI last few days of pregnanct
A
4-6kg drop in DMI
8
Q
MJ ME/ Kg DM
what is this
A
M/D
metabolisable energy from dry matter intake
9
Q
what is the function of long chain carbohydrates in cattle digestion?
A
forms rumen mat and encourages cudding
slow fermentation, fibre
10
Q
what is the function of short chain carbohydrates in cattle digestion?
A
energy source for microbes (Starch FME)
fast fermentation, sugars and starches
11
Q
when would fats and oils be added to cattle diet?
A
high yielding cows which cannot meet energy requirements
12
Q
what is a RDP?
A
rumen degradable protein
any N containing compound fermented to NH4+ in rumen
13
Q
target BCS loss 1st few weeks post partum?
A
0.5-1 pt loss
14
Q
1BCS point = ? kg
A
50kg
15
Q
lactation energy requirements
A
a) production: 5MJ/ litre milk
PLUS
b) maintenance: 65-70MJ
16
Q
DM % of
clamp grass silage
A
20-35%
17
Q
DM % of
maize silage
big bale silage
A
30-35%
18
Q
DM % of
hay
straw
A
85%
19
Q
DM % of
grass
A
20%
20
Q
M/D for clamp grass silage
A
10-12 MJ ME/kg/DM
21
Q
M/D for maize silage
A
11-11.5 MJ ME/kg/DM
22
Q
M/D for big bale silage
A
8.5-10.5 MJ ME/kg/DM
23
Q
M/D for hay
A
8-9 MJ ME/kg/DM
24
Q
M/D for straw
A
5.5- 6.5 MJ ME/kg/DM
25
M/D for grass
10-12.5 MJ ME/kg/DM
26
D/M concentrates
12.5 MJ ME/kg/DM
27
for clamp grass silage, if when squeezed
a) drips water
b) hand is damp
c) forms a dry ball
what is the DM of the sample?
a) drips water= 20%
b) hand is damp= 30%
c) forms a dry ball = 35%
28
if DMI is <11kg/ cow in dry period, what does this mean?
danger sign, should be 12-14 kg
29
minimum requirements for feed barrier space or trough space
- milkers
- dry
- close to calving
60cm
80cm
90cm
30
how long is the dairy cow dry period
60 days
31
does dmi increase or decrease as dry period progresses?
decrease 2-2.5% of bodyweight
32
what is fat mobilisation syndrome?
cow too obese (overfed in dry period)> fat accumulation in liver> excess insulin produced> response to insulin decreases
inflammatory responses in liver and affects immunity
similar to type II diabetes
33
subcutaneous vs visceral fat
sub cut= on show
| visceral is hidden
34
ideal BCS in dry period?
what happens if above or below
2. 5-3.5, aim to calve at 2.5- 3.0 BCS
above: increased dystocia risk, RFMs (retained fetal membranes), > milk fever risk, poorer feritlity, ketosisi, DA, immune suppression
below: RFMs, poorer fertility, increased lameness,reduced production
35
what is SARA
sub acute ruminal acidosis
36
cause of SARA
excess concentrates
insufficient fibre
or combination of both
>> lactic acid production
>> increased sodium bicarbonate production (buffer) in saliva produced,
>>increases
- rumen pH to above 7 which kills off microbes
- encourages growth of lactobacilli bacteria
>>rumen papillae damage> rumenitis
leading to more likely to get whole load of other issues eg LDA< ketosis and lameness
37
where is most water taken in, in ruminant digestion?
rumen
38
what are the following risk factors for?
```
Insufficient long fibre in the diet
Inaccurate fodder DM estimation
Over mixing of TMR
Excessive feeding of sugars and starches
Poor dry cow management
Slug feeding of concentrates in the parlour
Food deprivation and irregular feeding
Poor cow comfort
previous SARA bout
```
SARA
39
best diagnostic test for SARA
rumen pH measurement <5.5
should be 6-7
40
herd affected,
excessive weight loss, overall poor health,
variable faeces, undigested grains and long fibre present + mucus casts
poor cudding times, rumen fill dirt and BC scores
top ddx?
how is this diagnosis confirmed?
SARA
sample 6 cows from
a) cows calved 14-21 days ago
b) cows calved 60-80 days ago
if 2 from either group has rumen pH<5.7 then yes has SARA
41
in SARA does the rumen pH stay consistently low or peaks and troughs?
peaks and troughs
42
in acute ruminal acidosis does the rumen pH stay consistently low or peaks and troughs?
drops and stays low
43
cause of acute ruminal acidosis?
overeating grain
often in pet sheep or cows and beef animals
44
group or individual
distended rumen, ataxia, diarrhoea, depression, recumbency and shock
apparent blindness
top ddx?
acute ruminal acidosis
45
tx of acute acidosis
mild- hay and observe
subacute: oral magnesium hydroxide or carbonate + hay (antacid)
peracute: rumenotomy and empty rumen contents then 5 5% sodium bicarbonate iv. clacium borogluconate
restrict water intake for 12-24 hours
NSAIDs, ABs,
46
hypocalcaemia often occurs due to lactation requirements
in what breeds of cows can it occur spontaneously
channel island breeds
47
cow just calved, initial hyper-excitement, recumbent, no faeces or urination, dry nose and postural bloat
slow pulse and heart rate
top ddx?
what must you do with the cow as well as medical tx?
hypocalcaemia
need to move into sternal recumbency so can allow eurification
48
how would you treat hypocalcaemia in a recently calved cow?
Ca Borogluconate 40%
1 bottle iv
1 bottle sub cut
49
sheep, history of DMI fall and stress. bad weather and reduced feed from barrier
found recumbent ewe in field. has not lambed
top ddx?
tx?
hypocalcaemia
20ml ca borogluconate iv
50
how would you treat hypophosphataemia in a cow
vigophos solution
usually asc with hypocalcaemia and haemoglobinuria so check these too
51
cow found dead in field
dairy cow in spring time, high yielder
pasture is lush
top ddx?
grass staggers: hypomagnesia
52
autumn time, suckler cow with large calf
was twitchy and hypersensitive and is now recumbent
top ddx?
tx?
if the cow was convulsing, what could you treat with?
grass staggers, hypomagnesia
as recumbent would give ca first, then 200ml MgSO4 i/v SLOW
if not recumbent: bottle MgSO4 s/c multiple sites
convulsions: xylazine and pentobarbitone
53
cause of ketosis?
not enough glucose OR too much fat
>> mobilisation of fat stores>> ketone build up
this is FMS= fat mobilisation syndrome
54
risk factors for what metabolic disease?
high or low BCS
pregnant with twins
lame cows
ketosis
55
cow with reduced milk yield, selective appetite, BHOBs in blood> 1.2mmol/L, firm faeces,
what milk test could you do?
top ddx?
tx?
ketosis
milk test= rothera's, ketostix
```
propylene glycol oral
corticosteroids
glucose iv
vit B12, thiamine B1
kexxtone: monesin bolus
```
56
hyperexcited low BCS cow, twitching and salivaton
ddx?
nervous ketosis - check blood BHOB, treat with iv glucose
hypomagnesia - history
listeriosis
BSE
57
recumbent cow after calving
ddx?
milk fever : normal temp/ pulse rate
acute coliform mastitis: high temp/ pulse rate etc
botuklism
injury at calving: femoral/ obturator nerve damage, femoral head ligament damage
58
what is ERDP and UDP
```
ERDP= effective rumen degradable protein
UDP= undegradeable dietary protein
```
digestable crude protein= ERDP- UDP
59
what is NEFA
NEFA= Non-esterified (“free” or unsaturated) fatty acids
60
target BCS change from dry period to lactation
-0.5 BCS
dry period 2.5
early lactation 2-2.5
drying off 2.5
mid lactation 2.5
61
spring time, ewe rearing twins or late summer time ewe weaned off lambs,
which is more likely to get grass staggers
ewe rearing twins in spring
62
name the element deficiency + give dx
Swayback, coat colour, falling disease
reduced immunity
scottish blackface prone
copper
liver from cull cows or liver biopsyto check liver cu status
63
name the element deficiency
Appetite and feed intake, immune status (endometritis and mastitis), teratogenic effects, hoof, horn and hair integrity, teat keratin.
zinc
64
name the element deficiency
white muscle disease, cardiomyopathies
stillbirth/ weak calf syndrome
reduced immunity
selenium
65
name the element deficiency
weak neonates, stillbirth/ weak calf syndrome, lower conception, retained placement, cystic ovaries, abortion
Reduced thyroid function
iodine
66
name the element deficiency
reduced growth, wool changes, poor appetite, anaemia, thin skin
iodine
67
name the element toxicity
Haemolytic crisis- jaundice and death
Sp/br: Texel and north ronaldsey sheep, dairy cows
can cause issues in humans if they eat meat affected by this
copper
poisoning is >500mg/kg cu liver cu levels, but toxicity can occur at lower levels
68
name the element toxicity
Acute: blind staggers
Chronic: alkali disease (dull, rough coat, hairloss, sore hooves, sudden death)
zinc
69
aetiological agent of johnes
MaP
mycobacterium avian subspecies psuedotuberculosis
70
would an ELISA or IFN-y assay more likely detect a shedding cow
ELISA- if has humoral antibody response, more progressed. more likely to be a shedder.
IFN-y is produced from th1 cells, more earlier stage disease is managed by cell mediated immunity first
71
cow weight loss, profuse watery diarrhoea, bright and alert and bottle jaw
top ddx
johnes
72
most reliable test for johnes?
faecal PCR is gold standard
bacteriologic culture is most reliable
73
PME of johnes
thickened, corrugated mucosa
terminal si, caecum and firstpart of colon affected
enlarged lymph nodes and lymphatics
74
johnes (map) can cause false positive on which test and false negative on which other test?
false + for TB mammalian
| false - fro tb avian
75
```
Sudden onset – drop in yield
Increased temp 39.50
Reduced rumen contractions.
Hunched up
Adducted elbows
In-appetent, dull, depressed.
```
top ddx?
diagnsti test?
traumatic reticulitis
eric williams or withers pinch, metal detector
76
what is eric williams test?
listen over trachea and feel rumen contractions in L sub lumnar fossa
grunt before primary contraction
reduction in primary cycle
breath holding prior to primary contraction
77
tx for traumatic reticulitis
exploratory rumenotomy
78
where would. you incise for exploratory rumenotomy
left sub lumbar fossa
79
pasture containing alfalfa, lucerne or clover
finely ground grain
likely to lead to what in a herd of cows?
frothy bloat
80
how would you treat frothy bloat?
stomach tube + simethicone (surfactant)
then exercise
emergency incise L sub lumbar fossa to relieve pressure
81
LHS distention, painful, relectant to move or eat, resp distress, death quick once recumbent
top ddx
bloat
82
bloated upper left and lower right (10 to 4 appearance)
history of traumatic reticulitis
top ddx?
tx?
vagus indigestion
poor pgs, rumen lavage
fluid therapy
(vagus nerve injury and reticular adhesions
actinobacillosis of rumen/ reticulium, pregnancy, fibropapillomas of cardia)
83
reduced milk yield, ketosis, selective appetite- prefers fibre, 0-4 weeks post calving
resonant ping
absence of rumen sounds over rumen
top ddx
LDA
84
3 attachments of the abomasum
omasum
duodenum
omentum
85
2 non surgical methods for tx LDA?
prevention?
rolling
toggling
keep on high fibre diet, keep rumen filled
86
4 surgical methods for tx LDA
left to right (bilateral flank) requires 2 people
right side omentopexy
left side omentopexy (utrecht). care with milk vein.
ventral paramedian- cow is cast
87
why is RDA worse than LDA
ischaemic necrosis of abomasum occurs>> endotoxaemia, mucosa damage metabolic alkalosis and hypochloraemia, dehydration
88
cow in appetent/ depressed, reduced faeces, dehydrated, tachycardia, pale MM and dry, doughy rumen- total outflow obstruction, reduced rumen turnover,
ping in middle to upper 1/3rd right side of abdomen, tense viscus felt cranially per rectum
what could this be if the cow was even sicker and severely dehydrated
RDA
RDA with torsion
89
tx for rda?
dilation/ displcaement: caclium 40%, metoclopramide, buscopan, fluids
drain and replace
torsion: slaughter, surgery
90
dairy cow 1st few month of lactation, excess carbs
Ping in dorso-caudal right sublumbar fossa.
Rectally: Distended, recognisable viscus into the pelvis.
a) Long cylindrical, movable organ.
Blind end points to pelvic cavity.
b) Points cranial and lateral or medial
caecal dilation - not serious. observe
caecal volvulus - serious, surgery asap, cecrosis / twist of caecum risk
91
these are risk factors for which gi disease?
Lactating dairy cows:Early lactation:
a) Stress of lactation.
b) High levels of grain
c) Increased incidence at grass????
Mature bulls and feed lot cattle
a) Stressfule vent of transport
b) Surgery
c) Fractures
Handled calves
- Common at weaning – in anticipation of getting food?
abomasal ulcers
92
type 1,2,3 or 4 abomasal ulcer
Non perforating.
Minimal amounts of intra luminal haemorrhage.
type I
93
type 1,2,3 or 4 abomasal ulcer
Major blood vessel perforates.
Severe blood loss.
Melena
type 2
94
type 1,2,3 or 4 abomasal ulcer
Perforating ulcer.
Acute, local peritonitis.
Peritonitis localised by greater omentum.
type 3
95
type 1,2,3 or 4 abomasal ulcer
Perforating ulcer.
Diffuse peritonitis
type 4
96
```
Melena= black tar faeces
Abdominal pain.
Pale MM.
Sudden onset anorexia
Tachycardia
If perforation unable to stand and hypovolaemic
```
mature lactating dairy cow
top ddx?
abomasal ulcer
- fundic ulceration
pyloric ulceration if it were a claf
97
how to treat abomasal ulcers?
1) Magnesium oxide oral 800g /450kg daily (antacid)
blood transfusion/ surgery- only if have to go in for other cause
98
```
Inability to swallow/ stop eating
Anxiety/ restlessness
Regurgitation of feed and H2O
Drooling.
Bloat.
```
top ddx?
oesophageal obstruction
Intra luminal
- Potatoes / Turnips
- Placenta!
- Prevent by cutting them up before feeding
- Reduce competition, increased feed barrier space
Extra luminal
- Pressure by surrounding organs
o Mediastinal abscesses.
o Tuberculous Lymph Nodes
```
Conservative approach.: Many self resolve.
1. Starve and observe.
2. Sedate – xylazine
3. Buscopan
4. Flunixin.
Manual removal
• Gag and pass hand to back of pharynx.
• with cutting loop on inside.
• If in cardia push into rumen with probang care strictures/ diverticula
If unsuccessful
1. Trocharise rumen to relieve bloat.
2. Feed via rumen.
3. Wait till obstruction passes.
4. Warn owner of possible oesophageal damage/necrosis
```
99
faecal sample shows what for
ostertagia
lungworm
eggs
| L1
100
1st season dairy heifers
Autumn born suckler calves
Spring born suckler calves
prone to which parasite disease?
pa
PGE
101
Bloody dysentery and tenesmus, Chronic wasting/ poor appetite
Young calves (3-4 weeks post-weaning ages) Housed AND grazing animals
which GI parasite?
coccidosis
Eimeria zuernii & E. bovis
tx: Toltrazuril & Diclazuril
102
Young calves (14-21 days
Diarrhoea and dehydration
Co-infection with viral pathogens common
Faecal smears: Ziehl-Nielsen staining
which gi parasite
cryptosporidium
halofuginone- prophylaxis
tx: supportive
103
cattle abortion
history of dogs on pasture
neospora
104
how to differentiate rumen flukes and fasciola hepatica
Clear fluke eggs, F hepatica eggs bile stained gold colour.
105
```
when
PGE
lung worm
type I and II ostertagiosis
fluke
```
PGE july/ august
type I ostertagiosis: august
lungworm september, after wet summer
fasciola: autumnm
type II ostertagiosis winter/spring
106
dx of husk/ d viviparus
o Live L1 larvae passed in faeces
Patent infection >26 days
Baerman technique • >250um sieve/ gauze aperture • 24 hours
o Antibody ELISAs: Serum or milk samples
Seroconversion >28 days •
Antibody titres persist 4-7 months post-infection
Bulk milk tank sample analysis.
Positive results indicate >30% herd infected
107
dx fluke
Copro-antigen ELISA
antibody elisa for 1st season grazing cattle
108
flukicide that does all stages?
triclabendizole
109
which poisoning is this?
Acute poisoning- young calves
o Sudden death, neurological signs: muscle tremors, twitching, hyperthermia, salivation, rolling eyes, bellowing, blindness, stiff gait, convulsions with opisthotonos
Subacute- adult cattle and sheep
o Animals live for several days. Neurological: dullness, anorexia, salivation, blindness, incoordination, staggering, circling, muscle tremors
Chronic- lambs with access to soils high in lead
o Nephritis common. Pregnant animalsabortion and poor fertility
o 2 syndromes
Ill thrift with gait abnormalities
Lameness and paralysis due to fractures (osteoporosis)
Subclinical= chronic exposure at low levels, no CS
how to dx?
how to tx?
lead
heparin levels in blood >0.48umol/litre
chelation therapy, thiamine hydrochloride, supportive therapy, rumenotomy
Human health: 16 week voluntary withdrawal from food chain
110
which poisoning is this?
jaundice and haemoglobinuria, ataxia, recumbency and eventual death
PME: pale or jaundiced, dehydrated, liver pale tan or bronze coloured, kidneys dark red or gun metal grey, urine dark red/ back, secondary lung consolidation
tx??
copper
molybdenum - copper antagonist
111
which poisoning is this?
rat poison ingestion or ingestion of rate that has ingested rat poison
anaemic, non pyrexic, weak, haemorrhages
can ever enter food chain?
Many products: warfarin, brodifacoum, bromadiolone, diphacenone, chlorophacinone
never
112
which poisoning is this?
lack of O2> anoxia, cyanotic mucosae, tachypnoea, weak and rapid pulse. Subacute or chronic forms
blood- plasma protein bound nitrite, chocolate brown discolouration of blood
tx?
nitrite and nitrate poisoning
| methylene blue
113
which poisoning is this?
broiler litter as fertiliser
found dead, or recumbent with flaccid paralysis or ataxic
botulism
| no tx
114
which poisoning is this?
neurological 1-2 weeks after exposure fine tremors of head and neck at rest, head nodding, jerky movements of the neck and limbs, alteration in stance.
- Severely affected animals: collapse head first into lateral recumbency necks arched back and limbs extended. Tetanic spasma can persist for several minutes before apparent recovery
ryegrass staggers lolittrem
115
which mycotoxin causes ill thrift, reduced fertility. Photosensitivity, photophobia, swelling of face and ears
sporidesmin of Pithomyces chartarum
fungi found in leaf litter in shaded pasture
116
which mycotoxin causes
capillary damage, inflamed lower legs ears and tails- dry gangrenous. Loose weight, reduced milk yeidl and painful udders. Irritation of Gi tract with abdominal pain and vomiting
ergotism
Claviceps purpurea produces ergot alkaloids
117
which mycotoxin causes
pigs most common, also other sp
hyperestrogenism hyperemia and swelling of vulva, mammary glands. Nymphomania. Rectal and vaginal prolapse, poo libido in boars
zearaleonone
118
how to avoid mycotoxin poisoning
dry grain properly low moisture content, keep silage well covered,keep all bedding/ feed dry. Could add a mycotoxin binder to ration.
119
which mycotoxin poisoning is this
| hepatic function, decreased feed intake and milk yield, reccurent infection immune suppression
Alfatoxins > aspergillus fungi
120
Dexynivalenol
( DOM/ Vomitoxin)
mycotoxin causes which cx?
lower feed intake, milk yielf, diarrhoea, immune alterations
