Urinalysis

Question 1

Increased specific gravity

Answer 1

Concentrated urine- dehydration, SIADH, heart failure, renal artery stenosis

Question 2

Decreased specific gravity

Answer 2

Dilute urine- diabetes insipidus, renal failure (can’t concentrate the urine), psychogenic polydipsia

Question 3

Low pH of urine

Answer 3

Diarrhoea, starvation, high protein diet, systemic acidosis

Question 4

High pH of urine

Answer 4

Low carb diet, UTI, renal tubular acidosis, systemic alkalosis

Question 5

Haematuria

Answer 5

ONNIT 
Obstruction (calculus) 
Neoplasm 
Nephritic syndrome (glomerlunephritis) 
Inflammation (UTI)
Trauma

Question 6

Haemaglobinuria

Answer 6

Intravascular haemolysis eg. Sickle cell crisis, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria

Question 7

Myoglobinuria

Answer 7

Rhabdomyolysis

Question 8

Proteinuria

Answer 8

Decreased renal reabsorption- nephrotic syndrome, glomerulonephritis, pre-eclampsia

Diabetes

Increased serum protein- myeloma

UTI

Question 9

Leukocyte esterase

Answer 9

UTI (pyuria- white cells in urine)

Question 10

Nitrites

Answer 10

Gram negative UTI

Question 11

Ketones

Answer 11

Starvation, low carb diet, diabetes, DKA, alcoholism, pregnancy, hyperthyroidism, pre-eclampsia

Question 12

Glycosuria

Answer 12

DM, cushings disease, acromegaly

Question 13

Bilirubin in urine

Answer 13

Indicates conjugated bilirubinaemia as unconjugated bilirubin isn’t water soluble so not excreted in urine)- bile duct obstruction, liver disease (intra or post hepatic jaundice)

Question 14

Urobilinogen

Answer 14

There should be a trace amount that is removed in the urine

Increased- haemolytic anaemia, liver disease

Decreased- bile duct obstruction