Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Pathology/Parasitology > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary tract anatomy

A
  1. Kidney
  2. Ureter
  3. Urinary bladder
  4. Urethra
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Function of the kidney

A
  1. Eliminates of metabolic wastes from the body
  2. Maintains normal levels of body electrolytes and essential organic molecules
  3. Produces important hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where does filtration of the blood occur?

A

glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how is glomerular filtration driven?

A

high blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how is glomerular filtration permitted?

A

semipermeable capillary membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the function of the semipermeable capillary membrane?

A

allows passage of water and dissolved solutes of low molecular weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

where does reabsorption happen in the glomerulus?

what is the percentage?

A

the renal tubule

90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where does excretion happen?

A

the renal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

isosthenuria is…

A

same concentration as plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the specific gravity of isosthenuria?

A

1.010 to 1.012

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the concern if urine is isosthenuria?

A

Kidneys are not concentrating very well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Specific gravity is…

A

the measurement of dissolved solids in a fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what device is the specific gravity tested in?

A

refractometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the abreviation for specific gravity?

A

UG or SG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the specific gravity of distilled water?

A

1.000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what spectific gravity should urine have?

A

higher specific gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does a higher specific gravity mean?

A

more concentrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does a higher specific gravity mean?

A

kidneys are doing their job

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

hypersthenuriais…

A

if the concentration is increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hyposthenuria is…

A

if the concentration is decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what should the concentration of urine be?

A

1.035 or higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Azotemia is… 1

A

buildup of metabolic waste in the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the lab signs of azotemia?

A

Increased BUN and Creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Uremiais…

A

increased uric acid or urea in the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what constitutes renal failure?

A

If kidneys are unable to do their job

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

when do animals start showing physical signs of renal failure

A

75% renal failure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Dysuria is…

A

difficulties urinating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Pollakiuria is…

A

Frequent urination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Polyuria is…

A

Increased amounts of urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Polydipsia is…

A

increased thirst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Oliguria is…

A

decreased urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Anuria is…

A

no urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Diuresis is…

A

flushing the urine out using a diuretic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Urolithiasis is…

A

stones in the urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

urolith is…

A

single stone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is a voided sample?

A

urine collected as animal urinates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is the concern with a voided sample?

A

bacteria contamination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Preprandial means…

A

before meal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what does the voided urine sample look like preprandial?

A

Most concentrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is the purpose of a preprandial sample?

A

Not affected by eating or exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

how should a voided sample be caught?

A

Midstream sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what patients is a manual express used?

A

Mainly used in cats and small dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what health considerations should you a manual express not be used on?

A

urinary tract obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q
  1. what can be found in the urine with a manual express?

2. Why?

A
  1. may contain RBC

2. bladder can be damaged during compression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are the ways to collect a urine sample?(4)

A
  1. voided sample
  2. maual express
  3. cystocentesis
  4. catheterization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

which method is the preferred urine colletion method?

A

Catheterization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

if done correctly a catheterized urine sample should be ______.

A

sterile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

how do you get a catheterized urine sample?

A

Insert catheter into bladder via urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what supplies are needed to collect a catheterized urine sample? (2)

A
  1. Sterile catheter

2. sterile gloves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what trauma can occur during a catheter collection?

A

trauma to urethral mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what can be common in a catheterized urine sample?

A

RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

which collectoin sample is considered a sterile sample?

A

Cystocentesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

which species is a cystocentesis sample used on?

A

cats and dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

how is a cystocentesis sample performed?

A

Insert sterile needle directly into bladder through abdominal wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

how should the abdomen be prepared for a cystocentesis procedure?

A

surgical prep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q
  1. when collecting a cystocytesis sample what is important?

2. why?

A
  1. remove as much urine as possible

2. avoids leakage through the needle hole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

why should the urine sample be examined ASAP?

A

eliminate effects of chemical and cellular change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

If not examined within one hour, how should the urine sample be stored?

A

refrigerate or chemically preserve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

how long can a urine sample be refrigerated?

A

up to 6 hours without affecting results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

if refriderated, what must happen to the urine sample before a SG is tested?

A

warmed up to room temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what are the changes of a urine sample at room temperature?

A
  1. RBC decrease
  2. pH increases – due to bacterial breakdown of urea to ammonia
  3. Bacteria increase
  4. Sample turbidity increases
  5. Crystals increase
  6. Casts decrease
  7. Glucose decreases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

pH is…

A

Measure of H+ concentration in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what is the pH of carnivors?

A

< 7 in carnivores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what is the pH of herbivors?

A

> 7 in herbivores

65
Q

what can an abnormally low pH be associated with?

A
  1. hypoventilation
  2. starvation
  3. prolonged vomiting and diarrhea
66
Q
  1. what can happen to a cats urine pH when fed a vegetable base diet?
  2. what can this cause?
A
  1. pH becomes Alkaline instead of Acidic

2. urine crystals and blockages

67
Q

hypoventilation is…

A

not getting enough oxygen

68
Q

when can an Abnormally low pH (acidic) be caused by hypoventilation?

A

anesthetic procedure

69
Q

what can be the cause of an abnormally high pH (alkaline) (3)

A
  1. hyperventilation
  2. bacteria in the urine
  3. postprandial urine sample
70
Q

How can bacteria change the urine pH?

A

they are changing urea into ammonia

71
Q

what can cause a false abnormally high pH?

A

if urine is left out at room temperature for a long time before analysis

72
Q

what can affect protein level in urine?

A

Method of collection

73
Q

proteinuria is…

A

increase of protein in urine

74
Q

what can proteinuria usually indicate?

A

disease of the urinary system

75
Q

what can be a false increase of protein?

A

if urine has prolonged contact w/ the test pad on dipstick

76
Q

what is are the blood glucose level when gucosuria is present?

A

> 170-180 mg/dl in dog

> 260-310 mg/dl in cat

77
Q

what are the condition associated with glucosuria? (3)

A
  1. diabetes mellitus
  2. stress/excitement
  3. high carbohydrate meal
78
Q

how can glucose be falsely decreased in the urine?

A

refrigerated sample

79
Q

what are ketones?

A

acids that result from fat breakdown

80
Q

ketones are…

A

Not normally detected in urine

81
Q

when is ketonuria present?

A

when fat is metabolized for energy when carbohydrates are not available

82
Q

what are some indications for ketonuria? (3)

A
  1. diabetes mellitus
  2. pregnancy toxemia/ketosis
  3. starvation/fasting
83
Q

what are bile pigments?

A

Chemicals derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin

84
Q

what can be the cause of bilirubinuria?

A
  1. RBC destruction
  2. hepatocellular damage
  3. bile duct obstruction
85
Q

which chem strip values are not normally present in urine?

A

glucose
ketones
hemoglobin

86
Q

bilirubin is considered ________ in urine.

A

unstable

87
Q

which chem strip pad is RBC and hemoglobin detected by?

A

the same pad

88
Q

what can be the cause of hematuria be? (6)

A
  1. bacterial UTI
  2. urolithiasis
  3. interstitial cystitis
  4. neoplasia
  5. renal disease
  6. trauma
89
Q

what will happen to the color of urine when spun down with hemoglobin present?

A

color of urine will not change

90
Q

what will happen to the color of urine when spun down with whole RBC present?

A

urine color will change

91
Q

when is hemoglobinuria present in the urine?

A

massive RBC destruction

92
Q

what are some indication of hemoglobinuria? (2)

A
  1. autoimmune hemolytic anemia

2. blood transfusion incompatibility

93
Q

what is myoglobin?

A

Oxygen-carrying molecule found in muscle that is similar to hemoglobin

94
Q

which chem strip pad detects myoglobin?

A

blood test pad

95
Q

when is myoglobinuria observed?

A

significant muscle damage

96
Q

what are some indications of myoglobinuria?

A
  1. exertional rhabdomyolysis
  2. trauma
  3. toxicity
97
Q

what is nitrite?

A

Produced by bacteria from nitrate in urine

98
Q

what do increased levels of nitrite indicate?

A

Increased levels are supposed to indicate a bacterial UTI

99
Q

what is pyuria?

A

indicative of inflammation in the urinary tract

100
Q

what are some possible causes of pyuria?

A
  1. bacterial UTI

2. urolithiasis

101
Q

when is urine sedimentation performed?

A

part of complete urinalysis procedure

102
Q

what is the purpose of a urine sedimentation? (2)

A
  1. Detects abnormalities not seen on gross or biochemical analysis
  2. Confirms results of biochemical analysis
103
Q

what should the urine sample for sediment analysis look like?

A
  1. Fresh sample
  2. Concentrated urine sample
  3. Collected by cystocentesis
104
Q

what amount of sediment is normal in urine?

A

small amount

105
Q

what can RBC in a sediment indicate?

A

bleeding from somewhere in the urinary tract

106
Q

what can WBC in a sediment indicate

A

inflammation of the urinary tract

107
Q

what can be seen in a urine sediment?

A
  1. RBC
  2. WBC
  3. Epithelial Cells
  4. casts
  5. crystals
108
Q

what are some epithelial cells found in a sediment? (3)

A
  1. Squamous
  2. Transitional
  3. Renal Tubular
109
Q

where are squamous epithelial cells found in the urinary tract? (4)

A

distal urethra
vulva
vagina
prepuce

110
Q

where are transitional cell found in the urinary tract? (4)

A

renal pelvis
ureter
urinary bladder
proximal urethra

111
Q

where are renal tubular cells found int he urinary tract?

A

renal tubule

112
Q

what are casts?

A

Cylindrical structures made of precipitated protein that assume the shape of the renal tubular lumen where they form

113
Q

what can casts be an indication of?

A

renal disease

114
Q

what are the types of casts? (5)

A 
Hyaline cast
cellular casts
granular casts 
waxy casts 
fatty casts
115
Q

what does hyaline casts consist of?

A

Consists of precipitated protein

116
Q

what can be normal finding of hyaline casts?

A

0-2/LPF

117
Q

what does cellular casts consist of?

A

incorporation of WBC’s, RBC’s, renal tubular epithelial cells into precipitated protein matrix

118
Q

what does a granular cast consist of?

A

Cells that has degenerated

119
Q

what can the presence of cellular cast indicate?

A

most likely indicate inflammation in the renal tubule

120
Q

which cast is considered to be most severe?

A

Waxy casts

121
Q

what can the presence of waxy cast indicate?

A

Active degeneration of the renal tubule

122
Q

what is the order of least severe to most severe cast

A

hyaline
cellular
granular
waxy

123
Q

when do crystals form in the urine?

A

when the constituent minerals are present in the urine

124
Q

what is the formation of cyrstals dependent on? (3)

A
  1. the concentration of the constituent minerals in the urine
  2. the pH of the urine
  3. the temperature of the urine
125
Q

what is some other names for struvite crystals

A
  1. Triple phosphate

2. MAP – magnesium ammonium phosphate

126
Q

what is the appearence of struvite crystals?

A

Coffen lid shaped

127
Q

what pH urine are struvites formed in?

A

alkaline urine

128
Q

which species are struvites normal in?

A

dogs urine

129
Q

what pH does calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals form in?

A

neutral to slight alkaline range but prefer an acidic range

130
Q

when are calcium oxalate monohydratecrystals seen?

A

ethylene glycol toxicity

131
Q

what species are calcium carbonate crystals normal in? (4)

A

horse, rabbit, guinea pigs and goat

132
Q

what pH does amourphous crystals form in?

A

Usually form in alkaline urine

133
Q

what can amourphous crystals be a precursor for?

A

UTI

134
Q

what can be done to prevent any future problems if amourphous crystals are seen

A

change diets

135
Q

which species are bilirubin crystals abnormal in? (4)

A

feline, equine, bovine, or camelid

136
Q

which species is low detectable levels of bilirubin normal in?

A

canine

137
Q

which breed are ammonium urate or biurate crystals normal in?

A

dalmations and bulldogs
Ammonium urate or biurate
- Can growup to become stones
Can be seen in normal dalmations or bulldogs who are also predisposed to urate urolithiasis
-Rarely ever seen in other dog breeds or any cats. Not been reported in large animals.
Growth is favored in neutral to alkaline urine

138
Q

what pH does ammonium urate/biurate crystals prefer?

A

neutral to alkaline

139
Q

what does bacteria present in great number w/ WBC mean

A

UTI

140
Q

what are some miscellaneous things seen in urinary sediments? (6)

A 
Mucus threads
Spermatozoa
Fat droplets
Plant fiber, pollen
Starch granules
Parasite
141
Q

what amounts of RBC seen in a UA are considered normal?

A

< 5 per HPF

142
Q 
RBC notation 
1+
2+
3+
4+
A

3-8RBC/hpf
9-30RBC/hpf
>30, but less than packed RBC/hpf
Packed field or TNTC

143
Q

what number of WBC is considered normal ina UA?

A

< 10 WBC/hpf

144
Q 
WBC notation 
1+
2+
3+
4+
A

6-20 WBC/hpf
21-50 WBC/hpf
>50 WBC but less than packed field
Packed field or TNTC

145
Q

what are uroliths composed of

A

various minerals

146
Q

what are some common uroliths? (4)

A

triple phosphate
urate
cystine
oxalate

147
Q

what are triple phosphate stone composed of?

A

Salts of magnesium, ammonium, calcium, and phosphate

148
Q

what species are triple phosphate stones common in?

A

dogs and cats

149
Q

what pH are triple phosphate stones common in?

A

Common in alkaline urine

150
Q

what is the appearence of triple phosphate stones?

A

Radioopaque, hard, white or yellow

151
Q

what are urate stones composed of?

A

Composed of ammonium urate

152
Q

what is the apperence of urate stones?

A

Radioluscent, yellow, brittle

153
Q

what species are urate stones common in ?

A

dalmations

154
Q

what are cystine stone composed of

A

amino acid cystine

155
Q

what are the characteristics of cystine stones?

A

Yellow, smooth, Radioluscent, easily pulverized

156
Q

what are oxalate stones composed of?

A

calcium oxalate

157
Q

what are the characteristics of oxalate stones?

A

radioopaque, hard, sharp protrusions

158
Q

what is the main concerns with oxalate stones?

A

can severely traumatize the bladder

Clinical Pathology/Parasitology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions