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Clinical Pathology/Parasitology > Blood Chemisty Analysis > Flashcards

Blood Chemisty Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

what can increase ALP with all other liver values normal?

A

early sign of cushings

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2
Q

what can affect bilirubin levels?

A

light

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3
Q

where is creatine kinase (CK) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) located?

A

found chiefly in muscle tissues

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4
Q

what can increased levels of CK and CPK indicate? (6)

A
  1. muscle injury
  2. trauma
  3. inflammation
    4 excercise
  4. surgery
  5. injection
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5
Q

what can the combined testing of CK and AST confirm in horses?

A

liver damage

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6
Q

what are some factors that influence enzyme activity? (7)

A
  1. temp
  2. dehydration
  3. ultraviolet light
  4. pH extremes
  5. organic solvents
  6. heavy metal solvents
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7
Q

what are some dispositions that can cause the lab reference range to vary? (6)

A
  1. species
  2. breed
  3. sex
  4. age
  5. nutrition
  6. geographic region
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8
Q

how is chemisty analysis used as a diagnostic tool? (2)

A
  1. substantiates clinical signs

2. detects subclinical abnormalities

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9
Q

what is the reference range of chemistry analysis based off of?

A

measuring blood chemistry of clinically normal animals

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10
Q

enzymes are…

A

proteins inside cells that increase the rate of biochemical reactions

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11
Q

why are enzymes the easiest thing to test?

A

they remain unchanged during a chemical reaction

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12
Q

what are the enzyme levels in blood?

A

low levels

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13
Q

what can cause increase enzyme levels?

A

cell damage

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14
Q

how are enzymes measured?

A

must be catalyzed in a chemical reaction whos product can be measured

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15
Q

what is the enyme units?

A

the amount of enzyme necessary to convert 1 macromole of substrate to product in 1 minute

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16
Q

what are the enzymes associated with hepatocellular injury? (3)

A
  1. alamine aminotransferse (ALT)
  2. aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
  3. sorbitol dehydrogenase
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17
Q

which enzyme is liver specific in dogs and cats?

A

alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

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18
Q

which enzyme is NOT liver specific in horse, cattle and swine?

A

alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

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19
Q

what can increase alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels? (2)

A
  1. glucocorticoids

2. anticonvulsants

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20
Q

which liver enzyme is the number one to test for liver function?

A

alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

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21
Q

puerperal is…

A

delivery

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22
Q

hyponatremia is…

A

decreased Na+ (sodium)

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23
Q

what can hyponatremia cause?

A

vomiting and diarrhea

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24
Q

what is the function of sodium?

A

maintaining water balance

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25
Na+ is...
sodium
26
what is the function of chloride?
water balance
27
what is hypochloremia?
decreased Cl-
28
what can hypochloremia cause?
vomiting
29
what is the function of phosphorus?
energy storage
30
what is hyperphosphatemia?
increased phosphorus
31
what can hyperphosphatemia cause?
chronic renal failure
32
what is the function of calcium?
muscular function
33
what is hypocalcemia?
decreased Ca++
34
what can hypocalcemia cause?
eclampsia/pluerperal tetany
35
what can calcium not be measured in?
anticoagulated plasma
36
what is the function of potassium?
maintaining normal neuromuscular function
37
what is hypokalemia?
decreased levels of k+
38
whan can hypokalemia cause? (2)
1. vomiting | 2. chronic renal failure
39
what is the function of magnesium?
neuromuscular function and enzyme activator
40
what is hypomagnesium?
decrease of magnesium
41
whan can hypokalemia cause?
grass tetany
42
what are the electrolytes? (6)
1. potassium (K+) 2. calcium (Ca++) 3. phosphorus (P) 4. sodium (Na+) 5. chloride (Cl+) 6. magnesium (Mg)
43
what can be a cause of increased fibrinogen levels?
inflammation/tissue injury
44
where is fibrinogen produced?
liver
45
what does fibrinogen do?
blood clotting
46
what percent of the total proteins in fibrinogen?
3 - 6%
47
what an can cause increased levels of globulin proteins? (3)
1. infection 2. chronic inflammation 3. neoplasia
48
where is albumin produced?
liver
49
what percent of total protein is albumin?
35 - 50%
50
which is the second largest protein produce by the liver and B-lymphs?
globulin
51
what can cause decreased plasma protein?
liver disease
52
what can be the cause of increased plasma proteins?
chronic inflammation and infection
53
what does total plasma proteins equal?
all proteins added together
54
what is the function of plasma proteins?
the production of enzymes, hormones and antibodies
55
what are the plasma proteins? (3)
1. albumin 2. globulin 3. fibrinogen
56
when is hypoglycemia seen? (2)
1. Insulinoma | 2. decreased food intake
57
when is hyperglycemia seen?
diabetes mellitus
58
what is insulin resistance?
too little insulin
59
what is hypoglycemia?
too much insulin
60
what does glucagon and insulin maintain?
normal glucose levels
61
where is glucagon produced?
liver
62
BG levels reflect an equilibrium between...
glucose entering and leaving the blodstream
63
where is glucose utilized?
body tissues for energy
64
what can increased levels TLI be associated with?
pancreatitis
65
what can decreased levels TLI be associated with?
exocrine pancreatic insufficency (EPI)
66
what is Panacreatic lipase immunoreactivity test (PLI)?
specific test for pancreatitis in cats and dogs
67
what can a PLI test also indicate?
exocrine pancreatic insufficency EPI
68
how is trypsin measured?
fecal test
69
what are amylase and lipase level considered abnormal?
3X
70
where is amylase and lipase found?
pancrease and GI
71
when are increased levels of amylase and lipase seen?
injury to pancreatic cells
72
how are amylase and lipase measured?
blood chemistry
73
what is pancreatitis?
sudden onset due to an overload of fats causing an overproduction of enzymes
74
what does trypsin do?
aids in the digestion of protein
75
what does lipase do?
aids in the digestion of fat
76
what does amylase do?
aids in the digestion of starch
77
what are the digestive enzymes? (3)
1. amylase 2. lipase 3. trypsin
78
what are the kidney values? (2)
1. blood urea nitrogen (BUN) | 2. creatinin
79
what is urea?
metabolic waste that result from amino acid break down
80
azotemia is...
increased BUN
81
what can cause a false positive BUN?
high protein meal prior to test
82
what can cause an increased BUN?
pre-renal, renal, and post renal abnormalities
83
creatinine is...
a nitrogen containing molecule released from muscle at a constant rate
84
what can cause increased levels of cratinine?
same problems that lead to elevation in BUN
85
what is the percentage of water and urea in urine?
water 95% | urea 2%
86
what is is the function of the renal system? (3)
1. Eliminates metabolic waste 2. maintains normal homeostasis 3. produces important hormones
87
what causes increased bile acid? (2)
1. portosystemic shunts | 2. chronic liver disease
88
bile acids are...
produced by the liver and secreted in bile to promote the digestion and absorption of fat from the small intestines
89
how are bile acids excreted?
reabsorbed from the small intestines and removed form circulation by liver
90
what are increased levels of bilirubin associated with?
increased RBCs or liver disease
91
where is bilirubin derived?
hemoglobin released by lysed RBC
92
what can cause falsely elevated readings of bilirubin in a blood test? (2)
1. lipemia | 2. hemolysis
93
what species does gamma glutamyltranspetidase/ferase work well in?
large and small
94
where can GGT be found?
liver
95
which enzymes are NOT liver specific? (2)
1. alkaline phosphotase (ALP) | 2. aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
96
which of the enzymes are bile flow enzymes? (2)
1. alkaline phosphotase (ALP) | 2. gamma glutamyltranspetidase/ferase (GGT)
97
which enzyme is liver specific in all species?
sorbitol dehydrongenase
98
which enzyme is the best enzyme to test in horses?
aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
99
which enzyme is not routinely measured?
sorbitol dehydrongenase
100
what may increase levels of GGT? (2)
1. glucocortcoids | 2. anticonvulsants
101
when are increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) seen?
1. muscle inflammation | 2. hemolysis of blood sample
102
which species is ALP useful in?
dogs and cats
103
when can increased levels of ALP be seen?
1. bone injury | 2. rapidly growing
104
what drugs can cause an increase of ALP?
1. glucocorticoids | 2. anticonvulsants

Clinical Pathology/Parasitology (13 decks)

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