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Clinical Pathology/Parasitology > Blood Chemisty Analysis > Flashcards

Blood Chemisty Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

what can increase ALP with all other liver values normal?

A

early sign of cushings

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2
Q

what can affect bilirubin levels?

A

light

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3
Q

where is creatine kinase (CK) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) located?

A

found chiefly in muscle tissues

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4
Q

what can increased levels of CK and CPK indicate? (6)

A
  1. muscle injury
  2. trauma
  3. inflammation
    4 excercise
  4. surgery
  5. injection
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5
Q

what can the combined testing of CK and AST confirm in horses?

A

liver damage

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6
Q

what are some factors that influence enzyme activity? (7)

A
  1. temp
  2. dehydration
  3. ultraviolet light
  4. pH extremes
  5. organic solvents
  6. heavy metal solvents
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7
Q

what are some dispositions that can cause the lab reference range to vary? (6)

A
  1. species
  2. breed
  3. sex
  4. age
  5. nutrition
  6. geographic region
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8
Q

how is chemisty analysis used as a diagnostic tool? (2)

A
  1. substantiates clinical signs

2. detects subclinical abnormalities

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9
Q

what is the reference range of chemistry analysis based off of?

A

measuring blood chemistry of clinically normal animals

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10
Q

enzymes are…

A

proteins inside cells that increase the rate of biochemical reactions

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11
Q

why are enzymes the easiest thing to test?

A

they remain unchanged during a chemical reaction

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12
Q

what are the enzyme levels in blood?

A

low levels

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13
Q

what can cause increase enzyme levels?

A

cell damage

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14
Q

how are enzymes measured?

A

must be catalyzed in a chemical reaction whos product can be measured

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15
Q

what is the enyme units?

A

the amount of enzyme necessary to convert 1 macromole of substrate to product in 1 minute

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16
Q

what are the enzymes associated with hepatocellular injury? (3)

A
  1. alamine aminotransferse (ALT)
  2. aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
  3. sorbitol dehydrogenase
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17
Q

which enzyme is liver specific in dogs and cats?

A

alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

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18
Q

which enzyme is NOT liver specific in horse, cattle and swine?

A

alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

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19
Q

what can increase alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels? (2)

A
  1. glucocorticoids

2. anticonvulsants

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20
Q

which liver enzyme is the number one to test for liver function?

A

alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

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21
Q

puerperal is…

A

delivery

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22
Q

hyponatremia is…

A

decreased Na+ (sodium)

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23
Q

what can hyponatremia cause?

A

vomiting and diarrhea

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24
Q

what is the function of sodium?

A

maintaining water balance

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25
Q

Na+ is…

A

sodium

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26
Q

what is the function of chloride?

A

water balance

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27
Q

what is hypochloremia?

A

decreased Cl-

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28
Q

what can hypochloremia cause?

A

vomiting

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29
Q

what is the function of phosphorus?

A

energy storage

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30
Q

what is hyperphosphatemia?

A

increased phosphorus

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31
Q

what can hyperphosphatemia cause?

A

chronic renal failure

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32
Q

what is the function of calcium?

A

muscular function

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33
Q

what is hypocalcemia?

A

decreased Ca++

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34
Q

what can hypocalcemia cause?

A

eclampsia/pluerperal tetany

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35
Q

what can calcium not be measured in?

A

anticoagulated plasma

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36
Q

what is the function of potassium?

A

maintaining normal neuromuscular function

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37
Q

what is hypokalemia?

A

decreased levels of k+

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38
Q

whan can hypokalemia cause? (2)

A
  1. vomiting

2. chronic renal failure

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39
Q

what is the function of magnesium?

A

neuromuscular function and enzyme activator

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40
Q

what is hypomagnesium?

A

decrease of magnesium

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41
Q

whan can hypokalemia cause?

A

grass tetany

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42
Q

what are the electrolytes? (6)

A
  1. potassium (K+)
  2. calcium (Ca++)
  3. phosphorus (P)
  4. sodium (Na+)
  5. chloride (Cl+)
  6. magnesium (Mg)
43
Q

what can be a cause of increased fibrinogen levels?

A

inflammation/tissue injury

44
Q

where is fibrinogen produced?

A

liver

45
Q

what does fibrinogen do?

A

blood clotting

46
Q

what percent of the total proteins in fibrinogen?

A

3 - 6%

47
Q

what an can cause increased levels of globulin proteins? (3)

A
  1. infection
  2. chronic inflammation
  3. neoplasia
48
Q

where is albumin produced?

A

liver

49
Q

what percent of total protein is albumin?

A

35 - 50%

50
Q

which is the second largest protein produce by the liver and B-lymphs?

A

globulin

51
Q

what can cause decreased plasma protein?

A

liver disease

52
Q

what can be the cause of increased plasma proteins?

A

chronic inflammation and infection

53
Q

what does total plasma proteins equal?

A

all proteins added together

54
Q

what is the function of plasma proteins?

A

the production of enzymes, hormones and antibodies

55
Q

what are the plasma proteins? (3)

A
  1. albumin
  2. globulin
  3. fibrinogen
56
Q

when is hypoglycemia seen? (2)

A
  1. Insulinoma

2. decreased food intake

57
Q

when is hyperglycemia seen?

A

diabetes mellitus

58
Q

what is insulin resistance?

A

too little insulin

59
Q

what is hypoglycemia?

A

too much insulin

60
Q

what does glucagon and insulin maintain?

A

normal glucose levels

61
Q

where is glucagon produced?

A

liver

62
Q

BG levels reflect an equilibrium between…

A

glucose entering and leaving the blodstream

63
Q

where is glucose utilized?

A

body tissues for energy

64
Q

what can increased levels TLI be associated with?

A

pancreatitis

65
Q

what can decreased levels TLI be associated with?

A

exocrine pancreatic insufficency (EPI)

66
Q

what is Panacreatic lipase immunoreactivity test (PLI)?

A

specific test for pancreatitis in cats and dogs

67
Q

what can a PLI test also indicate?

A

exocrine pancreatic insufficency EPI

68
Q

how is trypsin measured?

A

fecal test

69
Q

what are amylase and lipase level considered abnormal?

A

3X

70
Q

where is amylase and lipase found?

A

pancrease and GI

71
Q

when are increased levels of amylase and lipase seen?

A

injury to pancreatic cells

72
Q

how are amylase and lipase measured?

A

blood chemistry

73
Q

what is pancreatitis?

A

sudden onset due to an overload of fats causing an overproduction of enzymes

74
Q

what does trypsin do?

A

aids in the digestion of protein

75
Q

what does lipase do?

A

aids in the digestion of fat

76
Q

what does amylase do?

A

aids in the digestion of starch

77
Q

what are the digestive enzymes? (3)

A
  1. amylase
  2. lipase
  3. trypsin
78
Q

what are the kidney values? (2)

A
  1. blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

2. creatinin

79
Q

what is urea?

A

metabolic waste that result from amino acid break down

80
Q

azotemia is…

A

increased BUN

81
Q

what can cause a false positive BUN?

A

high protein meal prior to test

82
Q

what can cause an increased BUN?

A

pre-renal, renal, and post renal abnormalities

83
Q

creatinine is…

A

a nitrogen containing molecule released from muscle at a constant rate

84
Q

what can cause increased levels of cratinine?

A

same problems that lead to elevation in BUN

85
Q

what is the percentage of water and urea in urine?

A

water 95%

urea 2%

86
Q

what is is the function of the renal system? (3)

A
  1. Eliminates metabolic waste
  2. maintains normal homeostasis
  3. produces important hormones
87
Q

what causes increased bile acid? (2)

A
  1. portosystemic shunts

2. chronic liver disease

88
Q

bile acids are…

A

produced by the liver and secreted in bile to promote the digestion and absorption of fat from the small intestines

89
Q

how are bile acids excreted?

A

reabsorbed from the small intestines and removed form circulation by liver

90
Q

what are increased levels of bilirubin associated with?

A

increased RBCs or liver disease

91
Q

where is bilirubin derived?

A

hemoglobin released by lysed RBC

92
Q

what can cause falsely elevated readings of bilirubin in a blood test? (2)

A
  1. lipemia

2. hemolysis

93
Q

what species does gamma glutamyltranspetidase/ferase work well in?

A

large and small

94
Q

where can GGT be found?

A

liver

95
Q

which enzymes are NOT liver specific? (2)

A
  1. alkaline phosphotase (ALP)

2. aspartate aminotransferase (AST)

96
Q

which of the enzymes are bile flow enzymes? (2)

A
  1. alkaline phosphotase (ALP)

2. gamma glutamyltranspetidase/ferase (GGT)

97
Q

which enzyme is liver specific in all species?

A

sorbitol dehydrongenase

98
Q

which enzyme is the best enzyme to test in horses?

A

aspartate aminotransferase (AST)

99
Q

which enzyme is not routinely measured?

A

sorbitol dehydrongenase

100
Q

what may increase levels of GGT? (2)

A
  1. glucocortcoids

2. anticonvulsants

101
Q

when are increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) seen?

A
  1. muscle inflammation

2. hemolysis of blood sample

102
Q

which species is ALP useful in?

A

dogs and cats

103
Q

when can increased levels of ALP be seen?

A
  1. bone injury

2. rapidly growing

104
Q

what drugs can cause an increase of ALP?

A
  1. glucocorticoids

2. anticonvulsants

Clinical Pathology/Parasitology (13 decks)

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