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Clinical Pathology > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

Yellow-orange urine indicates what?

A

bilirubin

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2
Q

Yellow-green/yellow-brown urine indicates what?

A

bilirubin and biliverdin

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3
Q

Red/red-brown urine indicates what?

A

RBCs, hemoglobin, or myoglobin

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4
Q

How do you differentiate between hemoglobin and myoglobin in the urine?

A

hem - serum is pink/red

myo - serum is clear

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5
Q

Brown-black urine indicates what?

A

methemoglobin

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6
Q

What are the possible causes of hyperglycemic glucosuria?

A
  • diabetes mellitus
  • hyperadrenocorticism
  • drugs
  • post-prandial
  • acute pancreatitis
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7
Q

What are the possible causes of normoglycemic glucosuria?

A
  • transient stress
  • reversible tubular damage
  • urethral obstruction in cats
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8
Q

What are the possible causes of bilirubinuria?

A
  • liver disease
  • bile duct obstruction
  • hemolysis
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9
Q

Presence in normal animal urine:
Glucose
Bilirubin
Ketones

A

Glucose: not present
Bilirubin: only in dogs if urine is concentrated
Ketones: not present

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10
Q

What are the possible causes of ketonuria?

A
  • negative energy balance
  • diabetic ketone acidosis
  • isulinoma
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11
Q

What are the causes of alkaline urine?

A
  • urinary tract infections (urea splitting bacteria)
  • low protein diets
  • respiratory or metabolic alkalosis
  • alkalinizing drugs
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12
Q

What are the causes of acidic urine?

A
  • high protein diets
  • respiratory or metabolic acidosis
  • hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis + severe dehydration
  • hypokalemia
  • furosemide
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13
Q

When are transitional epithelial cells seen in urine sediment?

A
  • hyperplasia associated with inflammation

- transitional cell tumors

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14
Q

When are caudate cells seen in urine sediment?

A

pyelonephritis

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15
Q

When are renal cells seen in urine sediment?

A

renal tubular injury

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16
Q

Describe the appearance of Struvite

What is the significance?

A
  • large, colorless, prism-like crystals
  • found in neutral to alkaline urine
  • urease positive bacteria promote formation
  • can be found in normal patients
17
Q

Describe the appearance of Bilirubin crystals

What is the significance?

A
  • orange to copper granules, usually in small bundles
  • icterus: hemolysis or hepatobilliary disease
  • normal in highly concentrated dog urine
18
Q

Describe the appearance of Calcium Carbonate

What is the significance?

A
  • large spheres with radial striations
  • causes brown-tinged urine
  • normal in horses, rabbits, guinea pigs, and goats
19
Q

Describe the appearance of Amorphous crystals

What is the significance?

A
  • yellow to brown aggregates of finely granular material

- no significance

20
Q

Describe the appearance of Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate

What is the significance?

A
  • “envelope”: colorless squares connected by intersecting lines
  • normal in domestive animals
  • increased Ca excretion due to hypercalcemia or acute renal failure
21
Q

Describe the appearance of Calcium Oxalate monohydrate

What is the significance?

A
  • spindle, oval, or dumbbell shaped

- in healthy animals, or animals with oxalate urolithiasis, eythlene glycol toxicosis

22
Q

Describe the appearance of Ammonium Biurate

What is the significance?

A
  • “thorn apples”: brown-yello spikey spheres

- suggest liver disease

23
Q

Describe the appearance of Cystine

What is the significance?

A
  • flat, colorless, hexagonal plates

- inherited disease: cystinuria (defective renal tubular resorption of certain amino acids)

24
Q

Significance of Hyaline casts

A

indicates proteinuria or renal or extra-renal disease

25
Q

Significance of Cellular casts

- epithelial, RBC, WBC

A

Ep: active tubular degeneration or necrosis, renal ischemia or toxic nephrosis
RBC: tubular hemorrhage
WBC: tubular inflammation

26
Q

Significance of Waxy casts

A

associated with chronic renal disease

Clinical Pathology (11 decks)

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