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Clinical Pathology > Endocrine Diseases > Flashcards

Endocrine Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Where are T4 and T3 synthesized?

A

T4 synthesized 100% by the thyroid

T3 synthesized by the thyroid and created by cells systemically

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2
Q

In what forms do the thyroid hormones circulate?

A
  • 99% inactive form (protein bound)

- 1% active form (unbound)

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3
Q

What does Total Thyroxine test (TT4) measure?

What is the gold standard?

A
  • measures total circulating T4 (bound and unbound)

- radioimmunoassay is the gold standard

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4
Q

What does the Free Thyroxine test (FT4) measure?

What is the gold standard?

A
  • measures unbound, circulating T4

- equilibrium dialysis is the gold standard

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5
Q

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in dogs?

A

Canine adult-onset hypothyroidism, also known as primary hypothyroidism
- auto-immune disease

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6
Q

What are the common clinical signs of canine adult-onset hypothyroidism?

A
  • lethargy, mental dullness, weight gain
  • cold intolerance, hypothermia, cold ears
  • bradycardia
  • alopecia, shedding, poor hair coat
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7
Q

What are the CBC and chemistry abnormalities in canine hypothyrodism?

A
  • mild to moderate non-regenerative anemia

- fasting hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia

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8
Q

Primary Hypothyroidism test results

TT4, FT4, TSH

A
  • TT4 decreased
  • FT4 decreased
  • TSH increased
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9
Q

Euthyroid Sick Syndrome test results

TT4, FT4, TSH

A
  • TT4 decreased
  • FT4 normal to decreased
  • TSH normal to increased (usually normal)
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10
Q

What is the most common endocrine disorder of cats?

A

hyperthyroidism

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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of feline hyperthyroidism?

A
  • palpable thyroid slip
  • tachycardia
  • polyphagia with weight loss
  • hyperactivity
  • diarrhea
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12
Q

What are the CBC and chemistry abnormalities of feline hyperthyroidism?

A
  • polycythemia
  • Heinz-body formation
  • stress leukogram
  • mild to moderate increase in ALT
  • azotemia
  • altered bone metabolism
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13
Q

What is the single test for feline hyperthyroidism?

A

TT4

- increased

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14
Q

What disease is commonly masked in feline hyperthyroidism?

A

renal failure

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15
Q

What are the functions of PTH?

A
  • increase plasma Ca

- decrease plasma P

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16
Q

What is the cause of hyperparathyroidism?

A

parathyroid adenoma

17
Q

What are the chemistry abnormalities of hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • hypercalcemia

- hypophosphatemia

18
Q

What are the chemistry abnormalities of hypoparathyroidism?

A
  • hypocalcemia

- hyperphosphatemia

19
Q

What does ADH/Vasopressin respond to?

What does it do?

A
  • responds to increased osmolality or decreased plasma volume
  • transports aquaporins in the collecting ducts to the membrane, and stimulates their synthesis
  • maximizes water reabsorption
20
Q

What happens in Central Diabetes insipidus?

A
  • no production of ADH

- no water reabsorption

21
Q

What happens in Nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus?

A
  • no response to ADH (non-functional receptors)

- no water reabsorption

22
Q

Describe the ADH response test and its results

A
  • administer desmopressin, and monitor urine specific gravity
  • CDI = concentrated urine
  • NDI = dilute urine
23
Q

Describe the water deprivation test

A
  • dehydrate the animal
  • does it release ADH and concentrate its urine?
  • PPD = yes
  • DI = no
24
Q

When should you not do the water deprivation test?

A

if the animal is:

  • suspected of having renal disease
  • azotemic
  • dehydrated
25
Q

Describe hyperadrenocorticism cause by a pituitary tumor

A
  • high ACTH

- bilateral adrenal hypertrophy

26
Q

Describe hyperadrenocorticism caused by an adrenocortical tumor

A
  • producing constant cortisol
  • negative feedback, so small amounts of ACTH
  • atrophy of the other gland
27
Q

Describe hyperadrenocorticism caused by glucocorticoids

A
  • constant negative feedback
  • small amount of ACTH
  • both glands atrophied
28
Q

What are the clinical signs of canine hyperadrenocorticism?

A
  • PU/PD/PP
  • pot belly
  • muscle and ligament weakness
  • alopecia, calcinosis cutis
  • hyperpigmentation
29
Q

Describe the biochemical profile of hyperadrenocorticism

ALP, ALT, cholesterol, fasting glucose, insulin, bile acids, BUN

A
  • increased ALP, ALT, cholesterol, fasting glucose
  • normal or increased insulin
  • abnormal bile acids
  • decreased BUN
30
Q

What results of LDDST indicate pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism?

A
  • 4 hour cortisol is less than 50% baseline value

- 4 hour cortisol is less than 1.5 ug/dL

31
Q

What are the causes of primary and secondary canine hypoadrenocorticism?

A

Primary: immune-mediated destruction of adrenal cortices
Secondary: destructive lesions in hypothalamus or pituitary resulting in less ACTH

32
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypoadrenocorticism?

A
  • poor appetite/anorexia
  • lethargy, depression
  • vomiting/regurgitation
  • hypovolemic crisis
33
Q

What are the CBC and chemistry abnormalities in hypoadrenocorticism?

A
  • mild/mod non-regenerative anemia
  • no stress leukogram
  • pre-renal azotemia
  • increased BUN
  • hypoglycemia
34
Q

What electrolyte abnormalities are associated with hypoadrenocorticism?

A
  • hyponatremia

- hyperkalemia

35
Q

What test is used to diagnose hypoadrenocorticism?

What is the diagnostic result?

A

ACTH stimulation test

- 1 hour cortisol < 1.8 ug/dL

Clinical Pathology (11 decks)

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