Pancreas Flashcards
What is exocrine pancreatic insufficiency?
What are the causes?
What are the clinical signs?
- maldigestion
- pancreatic acinar atrophy (dogs), neoplasia or pancreatitis (cats)
- voluminous, poorly formed stool, flatulence, foul odor, weight loss
What causes malabsorption?
What are the clinical signs?
- intestinal disease
- voluminous, poorly formed, gray stool, weight loss
Which values of trypsin-like immunoreactivity indicate EPI in dogs and in cats?
Which indicates normal?
Dogs:
normal - > 5.0
EPI - < 2.5
Cats: EPI - < 8
Where is folate absorbed?
B12?
folate absorbed in proximal SI
B12 absorbed in distal SI
Where is the problem if:
folate decreased and B12 normal?
proximal small intestine
Where is the problem if:
folate normal and B12 decreased
distal small intestine
What serum levels of amylase and lipase suggest pancreatic injury?
amylase: levels greater than 3-4 times the upper reference value
lipase: levels greater than 2 times the upper reference value
What could be the problem if there is increased folate and decreased B12?
bacterial overgrowth
What are the peritoneal fluids amylase/lipase levels that suggest pancreatitis?
peritoneal levels higher then serum levels
Effect of insulin on blood glucose
lowers blood glucose
Effect of glucocorticoids on blood glucose
increases blood glucose
Effect of catecholamines on blood glucose
increases blood glucose
Effect of glucagon on blood glucose
increases blood glucose
Effect of growth hormone on blood glucose
increases blood glucose
What are possible causes of hypoglycemia?
- increased insulin levels (beta-cell tumors, insulin overdose)
- hepatic failure
- neonatal/juvenile (inadequate stores)
- ketosis/pregnancy toxemia (negative energy balance)
- Xylitol (insulin release)
- Ackee fruit (glucose stores depleted)
- sepsis, neoplasia, starvation/malabsorption, extreme exertion, hypoadrenocorticism
