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Clinical Pathology > Calcium and Phosphorus > Flashcards

Calcium and Phosphorus Flashcards

1
Q

What regulates calcium?

Increases or decreases?

A

PTH - increases Ca
Calcitonin - decreases Ca
Vitamin D - increases Ca

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2
Q

What are the common causes of Hypocalcemia?

A
  • renal disease
  • eythene glycol toxicosis
  • pancreatitis
  • eclampsia
  • sepsis
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3
Q

What are the causes of Hypercalcemia?

A
  • hypercalcemia of malignancy (PTH-RP producing tumors)
  • granulomatous inflammatory disease
  • renal disease (horses)
  • vitamin D toxicosis
  • idiopathic hypercalcemia of cats
  • grape and raisin toxicosis (renal failure)
  • primary hyperparathyroidism
  • hypoadrenocorticism
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4
Q

Albumin

- size, source, functions

A
  • small
  • synthesized by liver
  • transport protein and colloidal osmotic pressure
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5
Q

Alpha + Beta Globulins

- source, functions

A
  • synthesized by the liver

- inflammation, coagulation, transport

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6
Q

Gamma Globulins

- source, function

A
  • synthesized by lymphoid tissue

- immunity

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7
Q

Fibrinogen

- source, functions

A
  • synthesized by liver

- coagulation, increases during inflammation

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8
Q

What are acute phase proteins?

Give an example of neg and pos

A
  • proteins that increase or decrease during an inflammatory response
  • increase = positive (fibrinogen)
  • decrease = negative (albumin)
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9
Q

Which substances/molecules interfere with refractometer reading?

A

lipids, cholesterol, glucose, urea, hemolysis

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10
Q

Panhyperproteinemia

  • what is it?
  • what are the differentials?
A
  • proportional increase in both albumin and globulin

- differential: dehydration

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11
Q

Panhypoproteinemia

  • what is it?
  • what are the differentials?
A
  • proportional decrease in both albumin and globulin

- dif: blood loss (hemorrhage) or protein-losing enteropathies

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12
Q

What are the possible causes of hypoalbuminemia?

A

decreased production
- inflammation, liver failure, or maldigestion
abnormal loss
- hemorrhage, protein-losing enteropathy, protein-losing nephropathy, 3rd space dilution, skin diseases/burns

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13
Q

What is the primary cause of Hyperalbuminemia?

A

dehydration

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14
Q

What are the possible causes of hypoglobulinemia?

A
  • decreased production (SCIDS)
  • abnormal loss (hemorrhage, PLE)
  • failure of passive transfer in neonates
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15
Q

What are the possible causes of hyperglobulinemia?

A
  • dehydration
  • inflammation (FIP, Ehrlichia)
  • neoplasia (plasma, B-cell)
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16
Q

What causes monoclonal gammopathies?

Describe the changes in the protein fractions

A
  • neoplasia
  • albumin stays the same
  • single peak in globulin fraction
17
Q

What causes polyclonal gammopathies?

Describe the changes in the protein fractions

A
  • inflammation
  • ablbumin peak is decreased
  • multiple peaks in gamma globulin fraction representing IgM increase
18
Q

What are the possible causes of hypfibrinogenemia?

A
  • liver failure (decreased production)

- DIC (consumption)

19
Q

What are the possible causes of hyperfibrinogenemia?

A
  • inflammation

- renal disease

20
Q

What is the action of ADH/Vasopressin?

What are these hormones responding to?

A
  • responds to: increased osmolality or decreased plasma volume
  • acts on collecting ducts, maximizes water resorption through expression of aquaporins
21
Q

Describe the action of Aldosterone

A
  • when the animal is dehyrdated, aldosterone signals the kidneys to conserve more Na (therefore water)
  • resorbs Na, secretes K
22
Q

What are the possible causes of hyponatremia?

A
  • excess Na loss (GIT, renal, cutaneous, 3rd space)
  • shifts (osmotic shift, hyperglycemia)
  • increased extracellular water
  • decreased intake
23
Q

What are the possible causes of hypernatremia?

A

dehydration

  • inadequate water intake
  • pure water loss
  • excess Na intake or retention
24
Q

What is hypochloremia metabolic alkalosis?

A

occurs when gastric secretions (HCl) are not reabsorbed by the small intestine

  • vomiting, abomasal disorders
  • net gain of HCO3
  • net loss of Cl
25
Q

How does paradoxical aciduria occur?

A
  • requires volume depletion and chloride depletion
  • kidney resorbs Na+ to correct dehydration, and resorbs HCO3- instead of Cl-
  • H+ is pushed out into the urine
26
Q

What are possible causes of Hyperchloremia?

A
  • hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis (GIT loss of HCO3-)

- alkalemia/HCO3- excess (Cl- follows H+ into plasma)

27
Q

What are possible causes of Hyperkalemia?

A
  • failure of renal excretion
  • redistribution (inorganic acidosis, insulin deficiency, cellular lysis)
  • increased intake
28
Q

What are possible causes of Hypokalemia?

A
  • loss (vomiting, hyperaldosteronism, diarrhea)
  • redistribution (alkalemia, insulin injection)
  • decreased intake or low K IV fluids

Clinical Pathology (11 decks)

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