Enzymology and Liver Flashcards
Where are leakage enzymes?
What causes their increase?
- may be free in cytosol, organelles, or both
- increase due to escape from cell as result of injury
Where are induced enzymes?
What causes their increase?
- attached to membranes
- increase due to increase in production
What type of enzyme is CK?
What causes an increase?
- muscle specific
- increase with injury to skeletal muscle and heart muscle, and muscle catabolism
- increases rapidly after injury, short half-life
What type of enzyme is AST?
What causes an increase?
- muscle and liver specific
- increases with muscle or liver injury
- increases slowly after injury, longer half-life
What kind of enzyme is ALT?
What causes an increase?
- liver specific
- increased with chronic hepatitis or portocaval shunt
- can be increased with severe muscle damage
What kind of enzyme is ALP?
- Isoemzymes: bone or liver origin, corticosteroid induced (not in cats)
What kind of enzyme is GGT?
What causes an increase?
- liver specific
- increased with cholestasis, steroids, and hepatic injury
What substances are removed by the liver?
- bilirubin
- bile acids
- cholesterol
- ammonia
- exogenous substances
What substances are synthesized by the liver?
- albumin
- urea
- cholesterol
- coagulation factors
What causes in increase in bilirubin?
- RBC destruction
- decreased uptake or conjugation by the liver
- cholestasis
What causes an increase in bile acids?
- deviation of portal circulation
- decreased hepatocyte uptake
- decreased bile excretion
When will you have decrease in albumin?
when 60-80% of liver function is lost
With liver disease, what happens to urea and ammonia levels?
- urea levels decreased
- serum ammonia levels increase
What happens to cholesterol levels during cholestasis?
During liver failure?
- increase with cholestasis
- decrease with liver failure
