Urinalysis

Question 1

How do you calculate production rate?

Answer 1

Production rate = Volume (mls)/minutes since you last peed (mins)

Question 2

What is osmosis?

Answer 2

greater concentration; moving to lower concentration

Question 3

What does permeable mean?

Answer 3

Something to pass through membrane (H20)

Question 4

What is hypertonic fluid?

Answer 4

Higher concentration of fluid

Question 5

What is hypotonic fluid?

Answer 5

Lower concentration of fluid

Question 6

What is isotonic fluid?

Answer 6

Even/normal fluid

Question 7

What is the function of the renal corpuscle?

Answer 7

Plasma is filtered across filtration membrane

Large molecules: large proteins, and formed element of blood are too large to pass through

increase BP= increase GFR

Question 8

What is the function of proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 8

Reabsorption
100% of most organic solutes and nutrients: glucose, amino acids, lactic acids, and water soluble vitamins

65% of H20, Na+, and K+
50% Cl- ions
80-90% HCO3-

Secretion:
H+ and urea

Question 9

What is the function of loop of henle?

Answer 9

Two portions:
Descending limb: permeable to water but NOT solutes
Reabsorption: 15% of filtered water
Filtrate osmolarity increases

Ascending limb: almost impermeable to water but permeable to solutes
Reabosorption: Na+ and Cl-
Filtrat osmolarity then decreases

Question 10

What is the function of distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 10

Further Na+ and Cl- are reabsorbed, small amount of H20 follows

Filtrate is more dilute in DCT and PCT

Question 11

What is the function of the late distal tubules and collecting duct?

Answer 11

90-95% of water & solutes in original filtrate have been removed

Hormones act:
ADH: increases aquaporins in the collecting ducts –> increase reabsorption of water

Aldosterone: increases Na+ and Cl- reabsorption, therefore H20/Secretion of K+

Question 12

What are some aspects that need to be seen as normal in urine?

Answer 12

pH: range of 4.6-8.0

Appearance: light yellow

Odor: aromatic when fresh

Turbidity (how cloudy/clear): transparent when fresh

Specific gravity: 1.001-1.035

Volume: 1-2 L/24 hrs, but variation

Urine production: 1-1.3

Question 13

What is normal and abnormal components found in urine?

Answer 13

Normal:
Urea
Creatinine
Uric Acid
Ammonia
Ions (K, Na, Cl, Ca, Mg 

Abnormal:
Albumin
Glucose
RBC, WBC
Bacteria
Ketones
Casts
Calculi (kidney stones)