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Lab Physiology 202 > The Reproductive System > Flashcards

The Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the reproductive system?

A

The male’s testes make sperm cells, and the seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis provide a delivery system for the sperm. The female’s overies make the eggs, and the uterine (Fallopian) tubes, uterus, and vagina provide places to receive the sperm, fertilize the egg, incubate the developing offspring, and deliver the baby.

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2
Q

What does the male reproductive system consists of?

A

Testes, ducts, accessory glands, supporting structures

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3
Q

What are testes?

A

Produce sperm and sex hormones

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4
Q

What are ducts?

A

Store & transport sperm

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5
Q

What are accessory glands?

A

Secrete seminal fluid

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6
Q

What are the supporting structures?

A

Scrotum- houses testes

Penis- transfers sperm

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7
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

Suspended outside of abdominopelvic cavity

–correct temp for normal sperm development (2-3º lower than body temp)

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8
Q

What divides the scrotum?

A

Scrotal septum divides scrtum into two componants

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9
Q

What are the two muscles in the scrotum?

A 
Muscles that contract when its cold to move the testes closer to the body, and help regulate testicular temperature for normal sperm production: 
Cremaster muscle (skeletal muscle) 
Dartos muscle (smooth muscle)
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10
Q

Since the testes have endo & exocrine functions what do they do for the testes?

A

Endocrine: male androgens: testosterone
Exocrine: produce and release sperm (spermatogenesis)

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11
Q

What are the three tunics/layers of the testes?

A

Tunica albuginea
Innermost layer, extends into testes

Tunica vaginalis
An extension of the peritoneum

Spermatic fascia
Outermost layer

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12
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Process by which sperm are produce:
Seminiferous tubules located in lobules

Straight tubules

Rete testes

Efferent ducts

Epididymis

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13
Q

Draw out the Male Duct System

A

Ducts of Testes–>

Epididymis–>

Vas Deferens–>

Seminal
vesicle duct –> Ejaculatory duct

–> Urethra

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14
Q

What does the spermatic cord contain?

A 
Contains:
artery
vein
lymph vessels
nerves
vas deferens
a cremaster muscle

Enters pelvic cavity through inguinal canals

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15
Q

What do the accessory glands contain?

A

Seminal vesicles:
posterior to bladder
Adds alkaline fluid through seminal ducts. Sperm would be adversely affected without it- vagina is acidic environment (60% of semen volume)

Prostate gland:
proteolytic enzymes increasing sperm motility, viability. Slightly acidic (25%)

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands:
Smallest, paired, near membranous urethra. Alkaline (15%)

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16
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

Medial and anterior to scrotum and testes

Composed of: body, root, glans penis

Body composed of 3 cylinder structures: 2 corpora cavernosa and a corpus spongiosum. The glans penis is an extension of the latter.

Urethra located posteriorly in the corpus spongiosum

Prepuce- foreskin

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17
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

creation of sperm

18
Q

What is spermiogenesis?

A

maturation of sperm

19
Q

What is leydig cells?

A

Interstitial spaces contain Leydig cells, which produce testosterone

20
Q

What is sertoli cells?

A

surround cells undergoing spermatogenesis

21
Q

What is spermatozoa?

A

Sperm are also called “sperm cells”

22
Q

What does the female reproductive system consist of?

A

Ovaries, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia, mammary glands

23
Q

What are overies?

A

Produce oocytes and sex hormones

24
Q

What are Uterine (fallopian) tubes?

A

Transport oocytes

25
Q

What is a uterus?

A

Protects & nourishes developing embryo

26
Q

What is the function of the vagina?

A

Receives sperm

27
Q

What is the function of the mammary glands?

A

Nourish infant

28
Q

Since the overies have exo and endocrine functions, what are their purpose?

A

Endocrine: sex hormones: estrogen and progesterone
Exocrine: produce and release oocytes

29
Q

What are the functions of the uterine (fallopian) tubes?

A

Paired tubes that curve around the ovaries to receive and transport oocyte

3 regions: infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus
Finger-like projections called fimbriae
Fertilization usually occurs in the ampulla
Lumen of tubes lined with ciliated columnar epithelia
Fertlized ovum (zygote) moved through tubes by beating of cilia and peristalsis

30
Q

What is the function of the uterus?

A

3 regions: fundus, body, cervix (int/ext os)

Thick-walled organ with 3 layers:

Endometrium
Thin inner layer: Stratum functionalis, stratum basalis

Myometrium
Thick middle layer: Circular, longitudinal, oblique

Perimetrium
Thin outermost layer: same as visceral peritoneum

31
Q

What are the four ligaments in the female reprouductive system?

A

Ovarian (ovary to uterus)

Broad (secures ovaries and uterine tubes)

Suspensory (ovary to pelvic wall, surrounds ovarian artery and vein)

Round (between layers of broad ligaments, attach uterus to labia majora )

They hold structures in place as well as make sure uterus is in anteflexion

32
Q

What is the function of the external female geneitalia (Vulva)?

A
  • Mons pubis, labia minor and majora, clitoris and vestibule
  • -Labia majora-pubic hair, labia minora- no pubic hair
  • -Clitoris- cylindrical erectile tissue
  • -Prepuce- covers clitoris like a hood
  • -Vestibule- medial to the labia minora, contains:
  • —Ext urethral orifice
  • —Vaginal orifice
  • —Hymen
  • —Openings of glands that secrete mucous
33
Q

What is the function of the mammary glands?

A

Anterior to pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles
Secrete milk for offspring

External structures: areola, nipple, lactiferous duct openings

Internal: alveoli, lobules, lobes, mammary ducts, lactiferous sinuses, lactiferous ducts, and adipose tissue

Alveoli in clusters- lobules. Several lobules = one lobe

Secrete milk by apocrine secretion

Alveoli –> mammary ducts–> lactiferous sinuses–> lactiferous ducts –> milk ejected from body

34
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

formation of an egg (a haploid ova)
In women, meiotic division results in 1 usable cell
3 regions of ovary: germinal epithelium, cortex, medulla

35
Q

What is a follicle?

A

the housing of the oocyte

36
Q

What is an oocyte?

A

egg cell

Typically 1 oocyte per month in one of the ovaries

Know difference between “secondary oocyte” and “secondary follicle,” “primary oocyte,” “primary follicle,” etc.

37
Q

What is a follicular cell?

A

secrete estrogen

38
Q

What is a corpus luteum?

A

secrete progesterone

39
Q

In the histology of uterus, what does the statum funtionalis do and stratum basalis?

A

Stratum functionalis: formed by epithelial layer and endometrial glands

Each month, estrogen and progesterone stimulate stratum functionalis to increase in size

If implantation does not occur, stratum functionalis is sloughed off during menstruation

The stratum basalis gives rise to new stratum functionalis

40
Q

What is the developmental analogies?

A

The Y chromosome leads to developmental changes. Without these signals the default is to grow female genatalia.

Therefore there are structural analogies between males and females

Lab Physiology 202 (10 decks)

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