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BIOCHEM LAB > URINALYSIS > Flashcards

URINALYSIS Flashcards

1
Q
  • a sterile liquid by-product of the body
  • secreted by kidneys and excreted through the urethra through urination
  • aqueous solution of >95% water with:
    - urea, chlorides, sodium, potassium, creatinine, other dissolved ions, other organic/inorganic compounds
A

urine

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2
Q

URINE

secreted by

A

kidneys

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3
Q

URINE

excreted through

A

urethra

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4
Q

URINE

aqueous solution of ____ water

A

/>95%

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5
Q

URINE

sterile until it reaches the ____

A

urethra

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6
Q

URINE

____ lining the urethra are colonized by facultative anaerobic gram (-) rods and cocci

A

epithelial cells

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7
Q

URINE

a processed form of ammonia that is non-toxic to mammals

A

urea

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8
Q
  • eliminate many cellular waste products
  • control the amount of water in the body
A

urine

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9
Q
  • array of tests used to diagnose several diseases
  • done using test strips or by light microscopy
A

urinalysis

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10
Q

URINALYSIS

refers to usual target parameters of UA

A

routine analysis

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11
Q

URINALYSIS

used specifically for culturing bacteria

A

microscopy

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12
Q

URINALYSIS

3 types of urinalysis

A
  1. complete urinalysis
  2. rapid urinalysis
  3. 24-hour urine collection
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13
Q

URINALYSIS

  • performed in lab
  • looks at urine composition
A

complete urinalysis

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14
Q

URINALYSIS

  • peformed at doctor’s office using tests strips
  • checks for common renal abnormalities
A

rapid urinalysis

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15
Q

URINALYSIS

  • performed at home over 24 hours
  • gives clearer picture of renal function
A

24-hour urine collection

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16
Q

URINE SAMPLE COLLECTION

  • patient voids into toilet, then all urine is collected for the next 24 hours;
  • as the body chemistry alters constantly, this is used to measure substances, such as steroids, white cells, electrolytes, or determine osmolarity
A

24 hour collection

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17
Q

URINE SAMPLE COLLECTION

  • first specimen of morning (or eight hours after recumbent position);
  • best sample for pregnancy testing
A

first morning specimen

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18
Q

URINE SAMPLE COLLECTION

the second voided specimen after a period of fasting

A

fasting specimen

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19
Q

URINE SAMPLE COLLECTION

  • used to obtain urine for bacterial culture
  • first and last part of urine stream is voided into the toilet to avoid contamination the specimen with organisms presenting on the skin
A

mid stream urine

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20
Q

URINE SAMPLE COLLECTION

  • for chemical or microscopic examination
  • suitable for most screening purposes
A

random specimen

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21
Q

URINE SAMPLE COLLECTION

  • collected for bacteriological examination if a patient’s symptoms suggest the presence of a UTI
  • the sample technique used for collection is important
A

catheter specimen of urine

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22
Q

URINALYSIS

  • urine dipstick
  • comprise up to 10 chemical pads which react through change in color when immersed in urine
  • strips consist of a plastic ribbon of about 5 mm wide; have pads impregnated with reagent that react with the compounds in urine
  • qualitative (+ or -); some are semi-quantitative
A

test strip urinalysis

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23
Q

TEST STRIP URINALYSIS

also known as

A

urine dipstick

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24
Q

TEST STRIP URINALYSIS

comprise up to ____ chemical pads

A

10

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25
Q

TEST STRIP URINALYSIS

strips consist of a plastic ribbon about ____ wide

A

5mm

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26
Q

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

notablr & identifiable ____

A

organoleptically

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27
Q

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

abnomalities in these may indicate ____ or ____

A

disease or metabolic imbalances

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28
Q

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

may seem ____ or ____, but can be symptom for an underlying disease

A

superficial or minor

29
Q

URINE COLOR

typically ____

A

yellow amber (pale yellow)

30
Q

URINE COLOR

____ tends to reduce the concentration of urine

A

drinking more water

31
Q

URINE COLOR

dark urine may indicate

A

dehydration

32
Q

URINE COLOR

indicates sign of kidney damage and disease

A

red urine

33
Q

URINE COLOR

may indicate pseudomonas infection or excretion of mitomycin

A

green urine

34
Q

URINE COLOR

orange colored urine accompanied by pale yellow stools and yellow skin and eyes may indicate

A

serious liver condition

35
Q

URINE COLOR

  • may be due to red or dark-colored foods or certain medications
  • can also stem from a bladder or kidney problem
A

pink / red

36
Q

URINE TRANSPARENCY

fresh urine is either ____ or ____

A

clear or very slightly cloudy

37
Q

URINE ODOR

urine of ____ may have a sweet or fruity odor due to the presence of ketones or glucose

A

diabetics

38
Q

URINE ODOR

generally fresh urine has a ____ smell

A

mild smell

39
Q

URINE ODOR

aged urine has a ____ similar to that of ammonia

A

stronger odor

40
Q

URINE pH

pH of normal urine

A

4.6 - 8
average 6.0

41
Q

URINE pH

____ result in more acidic urine

A

high protein diet

42
Q

URINE pH

____ results in more alkaline urine (4.6-8)

A

vegetarian diets

43
Q

URINE DENSITY

density has the same value with ____

A

specific gravity

44
Q

this is the ratio of the weight of a volume of a substance compared with the weight of the same volume of distilled water

A

urine density

45
Q

URINE DENSITY

density of normal urine

A

0.001 - 0.035

46
Q

it determines how well the kidneys is diluting the urine

A

urine density

47
Q

GLUCOSE

normal urine

A

does not contain glucose

48
Q

GLUCOSE

abnormal

A

glycosuria

49
Q

GLUCOSE

it occurs in ____ or patients taking ____

A

pregnancy, corticosteroids

50
Q

GLUCOSE

indicative of ____

A

diabetis mellitus
endocrine abnormality

51
Q
  • occurs in pregnancy or patients taking corticosteroids
  • indicative of diabetes mellitus & endocrine abnormality
  • not diagnostic; further testing by blood test (FBS)
A

glucose

52
Q
  • a product of RBC hydrolysis
  • it is transported in the blood to the liver where it is processed and excreted into the gut as constituent of bile
A

bilirubin

53
Q

in the ____, the bacteria acts on bilirubin to transform it into urobilinogen

A

gut

54
Q

it is normal for the urine to contain ____ but not ____

A

urobilinogen but NOT bilirubin

55
Q
  • indicative of RBC breakdown (not effectively removed by liver; liver damage)
  • indicative of problem with drainage of bile into the gut (gallstones)
A

bilirubin

56
Q
  • formed during abnormal breadown of fat
  • may result from prolonged vomiting, fasting or starvation, on a diet, or with diarrhea
  • also present in poorly controlled diabetes patient
  • it can make blood more acidic (diabetic ketoacidosis)
A

ketone

57
Q
  • identifies hydration of an individual
  • when assessing, environmental factors such as temperatures should be taken into account
A

specific gravity

58
Q

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

a well-hydrated will have ____ urine

A

diluted

59
Q

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

a dehydrated will have ____ urine

A

concentrated

60
Q

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

normal range

A

1.001 - 1.035

61
Q

presence of blood in urine

A

hematuria

62
Q
  • indicative of inflammatory lesions of the urinary tract and kidney stones
  • damage in the filtration barriers in kidneys (kidney damage)
A

blood

63
Q

pH

too acidic urine may indicate

A

kidney stones

64
Q

pH

too basic urine may indicate ____ caused by proteus, klebsiella or pseudomonas

A

UTI

65
Q

pH

also affected by ____

A

diet

66
Q

presence of high levels of protein in urine

A

proteinuria

67
Q

can be caused by glomerular filtrarion barrier damage or disease, kidney damage, hypertension, diabetes mellitus

A

proteinuria

68
Q

presence of leukocytes (WBCs) in urine

A

pyuria

BIOCHEM LAB (11 decks)

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