URINALYSIS Flashcards
- a sterile liquid by-product of the body
- secreted by kidneys and excreted through the urethra through urination
- aqueous solution of >95% water with:
- urea, chlorides, sodium, potassium, creatinine, other dissolved ions, other organic/inorganic compounds
urine
URINE
secreted by
kidneys
URINE
excreted through
urethra
URINE
aqueous solution of ____ water
/>95%
URINE
sterile until it reaches the ____
urethra
URINE
____ lining the urethra are colonized by facultative anaerobic gram (-) rods and cocci
epithelial cells
URINE
a processed form of ammonia that is non-toxic to mammals
urea
- eliminate many cellular waste products
- control the amount of water in the body
urine
- array of tests used to diagnose several diseases
- done using test strips or by light microscopy
urinalysis
URINALYSIS
refers to usual target parameters of UA
routine analysis
URINALYSIS
used specifically for culturing bacteria
microscopy
URINALYSIS
3 types of urinalysis
- complete urinalysis
- rapid urinalysis
- 24-hour urine collection
URINALYSIS
- performed in lab
- looks at urine composition
complete urinalysis
URINALYSIS
- peformed at doctor’s office using tests strips
- checks for common renal abnormalities
rapid urinalysis
URINALYSIS
- performed at home over 24 hours
- gives clearer picture of renal function
24-hour urine collection
URINE SAMPLE COLLECTION
- patient voids into toilet, then all urine is collected for the next 24 hours;
- as the body chemistry alters constantly, this is used to measure substances, such as steroids, white cells, electrolytes, or determine osmolarity
24 hour collection
URINE SAMPLE COLLECTION
- first specimen of morning (or eight hours after recumbent position);
- best sample for pregnancy testing
first morning specimen
URINE SAMPLE COLLECTION
the second voided specimen after a period of fasting
fasting specimen
URINE SAMPLE COLLECTION
- used to obtain urine for bacterial culture
- first and last part of urine stream is voided into the toilet to avoid contamination the specimen with organisms presenting on the skin
mid stream urine
URINE SAMPLE COLLECTION
- for chemical or microscopic examination
- suitable for most screening purposes
random specimen
URINE SAMPLE COLLECTION
- collected for bacteriological examination if a patient’s symptoms suggest the presence of a UTI
- the sample technique used for collection is important
catheter specimen of urine
URINALYSIS
- urine dipstick
- comprise up to 10 chemical pads which react through change in color when immersed in urine
- strips consist of a plastic ribbon of about 5 mm wide; have pads impregnated with reagent that react with the compounds in urine
- qualitative (+ or -); some are semi-quantitative
test strip urinalysis
TEST STRIP URINALYSIS
also known as
urine dipstick
TEST STRIP URINALYSIS
comprise up to ____ chemical pads
10
TEST STRIP URINALYSIS
strips consist of a plastic ribbon about ____ wide
5mm
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
notablr & identifiable ____
organoleptically
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
abnomalities in these may indicate ____ or ____
disease or metabolic imbalances
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
may seem ____ or ____, but can be symptom for an underlying disease
superficial or minor
URINE COLOR
typically ____
yellow amber (pale yellow)
URINE COLOR
____ tends to reduce the concentration of urine
drinking more water
URINE COLOR
dark urine may indicate
dehydration
URINE COLOR
indicates sign of kidney damage and disease
red urine
URINE COLOR
may indicate pseudomonas infection or excretion of mitomycin
green urine
URINE COLOR
orange colored urine accompanied by pale yellow stools and yellow skin and eyes may indicate
serious liver condition
URINE COLOR
- may be due to red or dark-colored foods or certain medications
- can also stem from a bladder or kidney problem
pink / red
URINE TRANSPARENCY
fresh urine is either ____ or ____
clear or very slightly cloudy
URINE ODOR
urine of ____ may have a sweet or fruity odor due to the presence of ketones or glucose
diabetics
URINE ODOR
generally fresh urine has a ____ smell
mild smell
URINE ODOR
aged urine has a ____ similar to that of ammonia
stronger odor
URINE pH
pH of normal urine
4.6 - 8
average 6.0
URINE pH
____ result in more acidic urine
high protein diet
URINE pH
____ results in more alkaline urine (4.6-8)
vegetarian diets
URINE DENSITY
density has the same value with ____
specific gravity
this is the ratio of the weight of a volume of a substance compared with the weight of the same volume of distilled water
urine density
URINE DENSITY
density of normal urine
0.001 - 0.035
it determines how well the kidneys is diluting the urine
urine density
GLUCOSE
normal urine
does not contain glucose
GLUCOSE
abnormal
glycosuria
GLUCOSE
it occurs in ____ or patients taking ____
pregnancy, corticosteroids
GLUCOSE
indicative of ____
diabetis mellitus
endocrine abnormality
- occurs in pregnancy or patients taking corticosteroids
- indicative of diabetes mellitus & endocrine abnormality
- not diagnostic; further testing by blood test (FBS)
glucose
- a product of RBC hydrolysis
- it is transported in the blood to the liver where it is processed and excreted into the gut as constituent of bile
bilirubin
in the ____, the bacteria acts on bilirubin to transform it into urobilinogen
gut
it is normal for the urine to contain ____ but not ____
urobilinogen but NOT bilirubin
- indicative of RBC breakdown (not effectively removed by liver; liver damage)
- indicative of problem with drainage of bile into the gut (gallstones)
bilirubin
- formed during abnormal breadown of fat
- may result from prolonged vomiting, fasting or starvation, on a diet, or with diarrhea
- also present in poorly controlled diabetes patient
- it can make blood more acidic (diabetic ketoacidosis)
ketone
- identifies hydration of an individual
- when assessing, environmental factors such as temperatures should be taken into account
specific gravity
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
a well-hydrated will have ____ urine
diluted
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
a dehydrated will have ____ urine
concentrated
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
normal range
1.001 - 1.035
presence of blood in urine
hematuria
- indicative of inflammatory lesions of the urinary tract and kidney stones
- damage in the filtration barriers in kidneys (kidney damage)
blood
pH
too acidic urine may indicate
kidney stones
pH
too basic urine may indicate ____ caused by proteus, klebsiella or pseudomonas
UTI
pH
also affected by ____
diet
presence of high levels of protein in urine
proteinuria
can be caused by glomerular filtrarion barrier damage or disease, kidney damage, hypertension, diabetes mellitus
proteinuria
presence of leukocytes (WBCs) in urine
pyuria