EX 8 Flashcards
1
Q
- macromolecules that contains the genetic information that can be passed on from one generation to another generation
- bioinformational material determines traits and makes protein synthesis possible
- can be found in the cytoplasm and nucleus of the cell
A
NUCLEIC ACID
2
Q
NUCLEIC ACID
determines traits and makes protein synthesis possible
A
BIOINFOMATIONAL MATERIAL
2
Q
NUCLEIC ACID
can be found in ____ and ____ of the cell
A
cytoplasm & nucleus
3
Q
nucleic acids are made up of monomers known as ____
A
NUCLEOTIDES
4
Q
DNA & RNA are ____
A
polymers
5
Q
when nucleotides combine, the resulting chain is called a ____
A
POLYNUCLEOTIDE
6
Q
3 parts of a nucleotide
A
nitrogenous base
5-carbon sugar
phosphate group
7
Q
building blocks of nucleic acids
A
NUCLEOTIDES
8
Q
central atom of nucleotides
A
sugar
8
Q
NUMBERING OF NUCLEOTIDE STRUCTURE
Carbon 1 contains
A
nitrogenous base
9
Q
NUMBERING OF NUCLEOTIDE STRUCTURE
Carbon 5 contains
A
PHOSPHATE GROUP
10
Q
organic molecules made up of nitrogen-containing ring structures
A
NITROGENOUS BASE
11
Q
2 kinds of nitrogenous abses
A
purine
pyrimidine
12
Q
PURINE BASES
A
adenine
guanine
13
Q
PYRIMIDINE BASES
A
thymine
cytosine
uracil
14
Q
pyrimidine base that can only be found in RNA
A
URACIL
15
Q
RNA does not have this pyrimidine base
A
THYMINE
16
Q
the 5-carbon sugar in DNA is called
A
deoxyribose
17
Q
5-carbon sugar in RNA
A
ribose
18
Q
the second carbon of ribose bears ____
A
HYDROXYL GROUP
19
Q
the second carbon of deoxyribose bears ____
A
HYDROGEN
20
Q
in a nucleotide, the sugar occupies a ____, with the base attached to its C1 and the phosphate groups attached to its C5
A
CENTRAL POSITION
21
Q
- nucleotides may have a ____ phosphate group, or a chain of ____ phosphate groups attached to the C5 of the sugar
A
single
up to three
22
Q
in a cell, a nucleotide about to be added to the ____ of a polynucleotide chain will bear a series of three phosphate groups
A
end
23
in a cell, a **nucleotide** about to be **added** to the **end** of a **polynucleotide chain** will bear a series of ____
three phosphate groups
24
# **PHOSPHATE GROUPS**
when the nucleotide **joins the growing** DNA or RNA chain, it ____
loses 2 phosphate groups
25
in a **chain** of DNA or RNA, each nucleotide has just ____ phosphate group
ONE
26
the **rule** of nucleotide when **binding**
directionality
27
**directionality** means
it has **2** ends that are **different** from each other
28
the **5' phosphate group** of the **first** nucleotide in the chain ____
sticks out
29
the **3' hydroxyl group** of the **last** nucleotide added to the chain is ____
exposed
30
**DNA sequences** are usually written in the ____
5' to 3' direction
31
# **POLYNUCLEOTIDE CHAIN**
the strand **grows** at its ____
3' end
32
DNA is double stranded, thus its **direction** is ____
bidirection
| saliwaan
33
**bond present** between two **nucleotides**
PHOSPHODIESTER LINKAGE
34
* chemical basis of **heredity** and is organized into genes
* involve in **replication** during cell division and **gene expression** by **transcription**
* **double stranded** molecule with a **twisted double helix** shape
DNA
35
DNA is involve in **replication** during cell division and **gene expression** by ____
TRANSCRIPTION
36
# **PARTNER**
ADENINE
THYMINE
37
# **PARTNER**
CYTOSINE
GUANINE
37
ADENINE & THYMINE **no. of hydrogen bonds in between**
2
37
CYTOSINE & GUANINE **no. of hydrogen bonds in between**
3
38
* essential for the **synthesis of proteins**
* **single stranded** nucleic acid
RNA
39
**information contained** within the genetic code is **passed** from ____ to ____ to the resulting proteins
DNA to RNA
40
the **passing** from the DNA to RNA of the **information contained** from the **genetic code** is called
CENTRAL DOGMA
41
# **TYPES OF RNA**
an **intermediate** between a **protein-coding gene** and its **protein product**
mRNA
42
if a cell **needs to make protein**, the **RNA-polymerizing enzyme** will make an RNA ____, or ____, of the gene's DNA sequence
copy or transcript
43
**carries** the **same information** as the DNA sequence of its gene however, the base **T is replaced with U**
TRANSCRIPT
44
**mRNA** means
messenger ribonucleic acid
45
* a **major component of ribosomes**, where it **helps mRNA bind in the right spot** so its sequence information can be read out
* some of these also act as **enzymes**, in this case, the formation of bonds that link amino acids to form a protein
rRNA
| ribosomal ribonucleic acid
46
**rRNA** means
ribosomal ribonucleic acid
46
**RNAs** that **act as enzymes** are known as
ribozymes
47
* are also involved in protein synthesis, but their **job** is to **bring amino acids to the ribosome**, ensuring that the **amino acid added to the chain** is the one **specified** by the **mRNA**
* it consist of a **single strand of RNA**, but this strand has **complementary segments** that **stick together** to make **double-stranded regions**
* this base-pairing creates a **complex 3D structure** important to the **function of the molecule**
tRNA
| transfer ribonucleic acid
48
**tRNa** means
transfer ribonucleic acid
49
* refers to the **copying** of a cell's DNA
* **semiconservative**, meaning that **each strand** in the DNA double helix **acts as a template** for the **synthesis of a new, complementary strand**
* this process takes us from one starting molecule to **two "daughter" molecules**, with each newly formed double helix containing one new and one old strand
DNA REPLICATION
50
# **DNA REPLICATION**
____, meaning that **each strand** in the DNA double helix **acts as a template** for the **synthesis of a new, complementary strand**
SEMICONSERVATIVE
51
# **DNA REPLICATION**
cells need to copy their DNA ____, and with ____
very quickly, very few errors
52
* **direction of flow** of information from DNA to RNA to protein
* involves **two major steps**: **transcription** & **translation**
CENTRAL DOGMA
53
the **DNA sequence** of the gene is **copied** to **make** an **RNA** molecule
TRANSCRIPTION
54
the **sequence** of the **mRNA** is **decode** to **specify** the **amino acid sequence** of a **polypeptide**
translation
55
the prcoess or **using information** in an **mRNA** to **build a polypeptide**
TRANSLATION
56
# **TRANSLATION**
the **nucleotides** of the **mRNa** are **read in triplets** called
codons
57
# **TRANSLATION**
there are ____ codons that **specifiy amino acids**
61 codons
58
**start** codon
AUG
59
start amino acid
methionine
60
**stop** codon
UAG
UGA
UAA
61
extraction buffer
saline soap solution
62
**breaks down** the **lipids** in the **cell membrane** and **nuclei**, hence **DNA** is **released** as these membranes are disrupted
detergent
63
detects the **presence** of **deoxyribose**
DISCHE DIPHENYLAMINE TEST
64
# **DISCHE DIPHENYLAMINE TEST**
test result
blue-colored complex
65
# **DISCHE DIPHENYLAMINE TEST**
the **intensity** of the **blue color** is ____ to the **concentration** of the **DNA** isolated from the sample
proportional
66
detects the **presence** of **pentoses**, such as **ribose**
BIAL'S TEST
67
# **BIAL'S TEST**
test result
green-colored compound
68
# **BIAL'S TEST**
when **ribose** is **boiled** in the presence of **HCl**, it yields ____
aldehydes of furfural type
69
detects the **presence** of **phosphates**
AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE TEST
70
# **AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE TEST**
**orthophosphate** ion, **acidified** with **NO3**, reacts with **ammonium molybdate** ____ is produced
yellow-colored phosphomolybdic acid
71
# **AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE TEST**
reaction with ascorbic acids, phosphomolybdic acid is reduced forming ____
intensely blue to purple-colored complex
72
detects the **presence** of **purine**
MUREXIDE TEST
73
# **MUREXIDE TEST**
**purine-containing** compounds react with **KClO3** in the **presence** of **HCl** to from ____ upon **exposure to ammonia**
murexide ammonium purpurate
74
# **MUREXIDE TEST**
the product **ammonium purpurate** appears as
pink to purple in color
75
detects the presence of **cytosine** & **uracil** and their derivatives
WHEELER-JOHNSON TEST
76
WHEELER-JOHNSON TEST **does not** detect ____ because of the **methyl group present in its structure**
THYMINE
77
# **WHEELER-JOHNSON TEST**
when the sample is treated with **bromine water**
yellow color
78
# **WHEELER-JOHNSON TEST**
when BaOH is added
purple-colored
