EX 8 Flashcards
- macromolecules that contains the genetic information that can be passed on from one generation to another generation
- bioinformational material determines traits and makes protein synthesis possible
- can be found in the cytoplasm and nucleus of the cell
NUCLEIC ACID
NUCLEIC ACID
determines traits and makes protein synthesis possible
BIOINFOMATIONAL MATERIAL
NUCLEIC ACID
can be found in ____ and ____ of the cell
cytoplasm & nucleus
nucleic acids are made up of monomers known as ____
NUCLEOTIDES
DNA & RNA are ____
polymers
when nucleotides combine, the resulting chain is called a ____
POLYNUCLEOTIDE
3 parts of a nucleotide
nitrogenous base
5-carbon sugar
phosphate group
building blocks of nucleic acids
NUCLEOTIDES
central atom of nucleotides
sugar
NUMBERING OF NUCLEOTIDE STRUCTURE
Carbon 1 contains
nitrogenous base
NUMBERING OF NUCLEOTIDE STRUCTURE
Carbon 5 contains
PHOSPHATE GROUP
organic molecules made up of nitrogen-containing ring structures
NITROGENOUS BASE
2 kinds of nitrogenous abses
purine
pyrimidine
PURINE BASES
adenine
guanine
PYRIMIDINE BASES
thymine
cytosine
uracil
pyrimidine base that can only be found in RNA
URACIL
RNA does not have this pyrimidine base
THYMINE
the 5-carbon sugar in DNA is called
deoxyribose
5-carbon sugar in RNA
ribose
the second carbon of ribose bears ____
HYDROXYL GROUP
the second carbon of deoxyribose bears ____
HYDROGEN
in a nucleotide, the sugar occupies a ____, with the base attached to its C1 and the phosphate groups attached to its C5
CENTRAL POSITION
- nucleotides may have a ____ phosphate group, or a chain of ____ phosphate groups attached to the C5 of the sugar
single
up to three
in a cell, a nucleotide about to be added to the ____ of a polynucleotide chain will bear a series of three phosphate groups
end
in a cell, a nucleotide about to be added to the end of a polynucleotide chain will bear a series of ____
three phosphate groups
PHOSPHATE GROUPS
when the nucleotide joins the growing DNA or RNA chain, it ____
loses 2 phosphate groups
in a chain of DNA or RNA, each nucleotide has just ____ phosphate group
ONE
the rule of nucleotide when binding
directionality
directionality means
it has 2 ends that are different from each other
the 5’ phosphate group of the first nucleotide in the chain ____
sticks out
the 3’ hydroxyl group of the last nucleotide added to the chain is ____
exposed
DNA sequences are usually written in the ____
5’ to 3’ direction
POLYNUCLEOTIDE CHAIN
the strand grows at its ____
3’ end
DNA is double stranded, thus its direction is ____
bidirection
saliwaan
bond present between two nucleotides
PHOSPHODIESTER LINKAGE
- chemical basis of heredity and is organized into genes
- involve in replication during cell division and gene expression by transcription
- double stranded molecule with a twisted double helix shape
DNA
DNA is involve in replication during cell division and gene expression by ____
TRANSCRIPTION
PARTNER
ADENINE
THYMINE
PARTNER
CYTOSINE
GUANINE
ADENINE & THYMINE no. of hydrogen bonds in between
2
CYTOSINE & GUANINE no. of hydrogen bonds in between
3
- essential for the synthesis of proteins
- single stranded nucleic acid
RNA
information contained within the genetic code is passed from ____ to ____ to the resulting proteins
DNA to RNA
the passing from the DNA to RNA of the information contained from the genetic code is called
CENTRAL DOGMA
TYPES OF RNA
an intermediate between a protein-coding gene and its protein product
mRNA
if a cell needs to make protein, the RNA-polymerizing enzyme will make an RNA ____, or ____, of the gene’s DNA sequence
copy or transcript
carries the same information as the DNA sequence of its gene however, the base T is replaced with U
TRANSCRIPT
mRNA means
messenger ribonucleic acid
- a major component of ribosomes, where it helps mRNA bind in the right spot so its sequence information can be read out
- some of these also act as enzymes, in this case, the formation of bonds that link amino acids to form a protein
rRNA
ribosomal ribonucleic acid
rRNA means
ribosomal ribonucleic acid
RNAs that act as enzymes are known as
ribozymes
- are also involved in protein synthesis, but their job is to bring amino acids to the ribosome, ensuring that the amino acid added to the chain is the one specified by the mRNA
- it consist of a single strand of RNA, but this strand has complementary segments that stick together to make double-stranded regions
- this base-pairing creates a complex 3D structure important to the function of the molecule
tRNA
transfer ribonucleic acid
tRNa means
transfer ribonucleic acid
- refers to the copying of a cell’s DNA
- semiconservative, meaning that each strand in the DNA double helix acts as a template for the synthesis of a new, complementary strand
- this process takes us from one starting molecule to two “daughter” molecules, with each newly formed double helix containing one new and one old strand
DNA REPLICATION
DNA REPLICATION
____, meaning that each strand in the DNA double helix acts as a template for the synthesis of a new, complementary strand
SEMICONSERVATIVE
DNA REPLICATION
cells need to copy their DNA ____, and with ____
very quickly, very few errors
- direction of flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein
- involves two major steps: transcription & translation
CENTRAL DOGMA
the DNA sequence of the gene is copied to make an RNA molecule
TRANSCRIPTION
the sequence of the mRNA is decode to specify the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide
translation
the prcoess or using information in an mRNA to build a polypeptide
TRANSLATION
TRANSLATION
the nucleotides of the mRNa are read in triplets called
codons
TRANSLATION
there are ____ codons that specifiy amino acids
61 codons
start codon
AUG
start amino acid
methionine
stop codon
UAG
UGA
UAA
extraction buffer
saline soap solution
breaks down the lipids in the cell membrane and nuclei, hence DNA is released as these membranes are disrupted
detergent
detects the presence of deoxyribose
DISCHE DIPHENYLAMINE TEST
DISCHE DIPHENYLAMINE TEST
test result
blue-colored complex
DISCHE DIPHENYLAMINE TEST
the intensity of the blue color is ____ to the concentration of the DNA isolated from the sample
proportional
detects the presence of pentoses, such as ribose
BIAL’S TEST
BIAL’S TEST
test result
green-colored compound
BIAL’S TEST
when ribose is boiled in the presence of HCl, it yields ____
aldehydes of furfural type
detects the presence of phosphates
AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE TEST
AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE TEST
orthophosphate ion, acidified with NO3, reacts with ammonium molybdate ____ is produced
yellow-colored phosphomolybdic acid
AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE TEST
reaction with ascorbic acids, phosphomolybdic acid is reduced forming ____
intensely blue to purple-colored complex
detects the presence of purine
MUREXIDE TEST
MUREXIDE TEST
purine-containing compounds react with KClO3 in the presence of HCl to from ____ upon exposure to ammonia
murexide ammonium purpurate
MUREXIDE TEST
the product ammonium purpurate appears as
pink to purple in color
detects the presence of cytosine & uracil and their derivatives
WHEELER-JOHNSON TEST
WHEELER-JOHNSON TEST does not detect ____ because of the methyl group present in its structure
THYMINE
WHEELER-JOHNSON TEST
when the sample is treated with bromine water
yellow color
WHEELER-JOHNSON TEST
when BaOH is added
purple-colored
