EXERCISE 6 Flashcards
special protein molecules designed to catalyze or speed up the rate of a biochemical reaction
ENZYMES
ENZYMES
____ specific reactions regulated by competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors and/or allosteric molecules
accelerate
ENZYMES
one of the primary biological functions of multiple enzymes through a series of consecutive reactions or known as pathways
breaking down of complex molecules
ENZYMES
a series of consecutive reacions is also known as
pathways
ENZYMES
enzymes ____ the activation energy requried for a chemical reaction to occur thereby speeding up the process of the reaction
lower
enzymes are made up of
proteins
ENZYMES
molecules called as ____ as formed when enzymes bind to its specific substrate; this points that most enzymes catalyze one specific reaction efficiently
products
ENZYMES
most enzymes catalyze how many reaction efficiently
one specific reaction
ENZYMES
some multipart enzyme complexes catalyze as series of ____ – successive enzyme-substrate complexes or products are formed throughout the series of biological reactions
step-by-step reactions
these are generally responsible for numerous vital reactions within the body
enzymes
ENZYMES
some enzyme proteins are covalently modified by ____, ____, and other similar processes, and the regulation of enzyme activity are largely affected by these alterations
phosphorylation, glycosylation
ENZYMES
the molecule that reacts with the compound is called
substrate
ENZYMES
enzyme + substrate =
enzyme-substrate complex
ES complex
ENZYMES
a specific reactant acted upon by the enzyme
substrate
ENZYMES
substance formed when substrate binds to an eznyme
product
ENZYMES
non-protein molecule (Fe²+, Mg²+, Mn²+, Zn²+) required for proper functioning of enzyme
cofactor
ENZYMES
organic or metalloorganic molecule that acts as transiet carriers of specific functional groups
coenzyme
ENZYMES
a coenzyme or metal ion that is very tightly bounded to an enzyme protein
prosthetic group
ENZYMES
catalytically active enzyme bounded with its coenzyme and/or metal ion
holoenzyme
ENZYMES
protein part of holoenzyme
apoenzyme
ENZYMES
the part of an enzyme where the chemical reaction occurs; where the substrate binds
active site
ENZYMES
site other than the active site to which a specific substance binds, thereby changing the shape and activity of an enzyme
allosteric site
ENZYMES
2 common characteristics among enzymes
catalytic & specific
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF AN ENZYME ACTIVITY
speeds up collisions between enzyme and substrate
increased temperature
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF AN ENZYME ACTIVITY
enzyme being proteins, may become ____ in too high temperatures, which renders it inactive
denatured
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF AN ENZYME ACTIVITY
increased substrate concentration provides ____ with enzyme until it reaches its saturation point
faster interaction
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF AN ENZYME ACTIVITY
bind to the active site of the enzyme thereby preventing the susbtrate to bind
competitive inhibitors
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF AN ENZYME ACTIVITY
bind reversibly to the enzyme-substrate complex
uncompetitive inhibitors
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF AN ENZYME ACTIVITY
bind to the other sites in the enzyme reducing its effectivity
noncompetitive inhibitors
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF AN ENZYME ACTIVITY
directly influences the conformtation of an enzyme, thereby affecting its activity
pH
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF AN ENZYME ACTIVITY
extremes of ____ directly change the conformation of the protein folding of the enzyme, rendering it inactive
pH
ENZYME
an enzyme known to catalyze hydrogen peroxide to oxygen & water
catalase enzyme
ENZYME
catalase enzyme catalyze hydrogen peroxide to ____ and ____
oxygen & water
ENZYME
biologically, this enzyme is vital in protecting the cell from the damages caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) or the free radicals
catalase enzyme
ENZYME
enzyme known to catalyze polysccharides into simpler sugar molecules by hydrolyzing the glycosidic bonds present in polysaccharides
amylase enzyme
ENZYME
amylase enzyme is predominantly present in ____
human saliva
also secreted by the pancreas into the small intestines for continued breakdown of complex sugar molecules
amylase enzyme
CATALZE ENZYME ACTIVITY
protein denaturation can render the enzyme ____
unfunctional
CATALZE ENZYME ACTIVITY
a ____ in temperature can also inhibit the activity of an enzyme
decrease
AMYLAZE ENZYME ACTIVITY
reaction of saliva-starch mixture with I₂ TS
disappearance of the blue color
EFFECT OF pH
enzymes work at an ____ pH
optimal
AMYLAZE ENZYME ACTIVITY
____ forms a colored complex with starch
iodine solution
test for reducing suagr
Fehling’s test
AMYLAZE ENZYME ACTIVITY
positive result for Fehling’s test
brick red ppt
