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BIOCHEM LAB > METABOLISM OF CABROHYDRATES > Flashcards

METABOLISM OF CABROHYDRATES Flashcards

1
Q

the process of metabolism of cabrs starts with

A

DIGESTION PROCESS

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2
Q
  • biochemical processes by which carbohydrates from food are broken down into simpler chemical units by hydrolysis that can be used by cells for their metabolic needs
  • first stage in the processing of food products
A

DIGESTION

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3
Q

CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION

carboydrates are broken down into simpler chemical units by ____

A

HYDROLYSIS

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4
Q
  • fast-releasing carbohydrates stimulate the ____ sensation
  • it is the most sensitive of all taste sensations
A

SWEETNESS TASTE

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5
Q

take longer to chew and get sweeter the more you chew them

A

less-sweet whole grains
(starches & fiber)

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6
Q

when carbohydrates reach the stomach, ____ occurs

(amylase does not function in the acidic conditios of the stomach)

A

NO FURTHER CHEMICAL BREAKDOWN

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7
Q

there is no further chemical breakdown when carbohydrates reach the stomach because ____

A

amylase cannot function in the acidic conditions of the stomach

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8
Q

what process is still ongoing when carbohydrates reach the stomach

A

mechanical breakdown

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9
Q

MECHANICAL BREAKDOWN

the strong ____ of the stomach mix the carbohydrates into the more uniform mixture of chyme

A

PERISTALTIC CONTRACTIONS

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10
Q

the enzyme responsible for the initial breakdown of the complex carbohydrates

A

SALIVARY AMYLASE

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11
Q
  • chewing or mastication
  • occurs in the mouth and stomach
  • crumbles the carbohydrtae foods into smaller and smaller pieces
A

MECHANICAL DIGESTION

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12
Q
  • salivary amylase
  • breaks the bonds between the monomeric sugar units of disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and starches
  • breaks down amylose and amylopectin into dextrin and maltose
  • only about 5% of starches are broken down in the mouth
A

CHEMICAL DIGESTION

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13
Q

CHEMICAL DIGESTION

breaks the bonds between the ____ sugar units of disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and starches

A

monomeric

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14
Q

CHEMICAL DIGESTION

breaks down amylose into

A

dextrin

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15
Q

CHEMICAL DIGESTION

breaks down amylopectin into

A

maltose

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16
Q

CHEMICAL DIGESTION

only about ____% of starches are broken down in the mouth

A

5%

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17
Q

CHEMICAL DIGESTION

more glucose in the mouth would lead to ____

A

tooth decay

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18
Q

SMALL INTESTINES

the chyme is gradually expelled into the ____

A

duodenum

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19
Q

SMALL INTESTINES

upon entry of the chyme into the small intestine, the pancreas releases ____ through a duct

A

pancreatic juice

20
Q

SMALL INTESTINES

pancreatic juice contains ____, which starts again the breakdown of dextrin into shorter and shorter carbohydrate chains

A

pancreatic amylase

21
Q

SMALL INTESTINES

enzymes are secreted by the ____ that line the villi

A

intestinal cells

22
Q

SMALL INTESTINES

enzymes that line the villi

A

sucrase
maltase
lactase

23
Q

SMALL INTESTINES

once carbohydrates are chemically broken down into single sugar units, they are now transported into the ____

A

inside of the intestinal cells

24
Q

SMALL INTESTINES

sucrose

A

glu + fru

25
Q

SMALL INTESTINES

maltose

A

glu + glu

26
Q

SMALL INTESTINES

lactose

A

glu + galac

27
Q

BLOODSTREAM

small intestine cells have membranes that contain many ____ in order to get the monosaccharides and other nutrients into the blood where they can be distributed to the rest of the body

A

tranport proteins

28
Q

BLOODSTREAM

TYPE OF MOVEMENT:
fructose

A

facilitated diffusion

29
Q

BLOODSTREAM

TYPE OF MOVEMENT:
galactose and glucose

A

active transport

30
Q

the only utilizable form of sugar

A

GLUCOSE

31
Q
  • converts galatose to glucose
  • breaks frcutose into even smaller carbon-containing units
  • stores glucose as glycogen or exports it back to the blood
A

LIVER

32
Q

BLOODSTREAM

how much glucose the liver exports to the blood is under ____ and you will soon discover that even the glucose itself regulates its concentrations in the blood

A

hormonal control

33
Q

stores excess sugar
if sobra asukal, ito yung gumagana

A

insulin

34
Q

triggers the release of the stored excess glucose in the body

A

glucagon

34
Q

METABOLIC PROCESSES

glucose -> pyruvate

A

GLYCOLYSIS

35
Q

METABOLIC PROCESSES

glycogen -> glucose

A

GLYCOGENOLYSIS

35
Q

METABOLIC PROCESSES

glucose -> glycogen

A

GLYCOGENESIS

36
Q

METABOLIC PROCESSES

noncarbohydrate -> glucose

A

GLUCONEOGENESIS

37
Q

some of the remaining indigestible carbohydrates are broken down by enzymes released by ____

A

bacteria in the large intestine

38
Q

the product of bacterial digestion of these slow-releasing carbohydrates are ____ and some ____

A

short-chain fatty acids and some gases

39
Q

____ are either used by the bacteria to make energy and grow, are eliminated in the feces, or are absorbed in the cells of the colon, with a small amount of being transported to

A

short-chain fatty acids

40
Q

use the short-chain fatty acids to support some of their functions

A

colonic cells

41
Q

can also metabolize the short-chain fatty acids into cellular energy

A

liver

42
Q
  • is digested much less in the GI tract than other carbohydrate types (simple sugars, starches)
  • the rise in blood glucose after eating them is less and slower
A

dietary fiber

43
Q

EXPERIMENT

LUGOL’S TEST result:
presence of starch

A

bluish black ppt

44
Q

EXPERIMENT

BENEDICT’S TEST result:
presence of reducing sugar

glucose

A

greenish solution

the color depends on the quantity of glucose

BIOCHEM LAB (11 decks)

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