METABOLISM OF CABROHYDRATES

Question 1

the process of metabolism of cabrs starts with

Answer 1

DIGESTION PROCESS

Question 2

• biochemical processes by which carbohydrates from food are broken down into simpler chemical units by hydrolysis that can be used by cells for their metabolic needs
• first stage in the processing of food products

Answer 2

DIGESTION

Question 3

CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION

carboydrates are broken down into simpler chemical units by ____

Answer 3

HYDROLYSIS

Question 4

• fast-releasing carbohydrates stimulate the ____ sensation
• it is the most sensitive of all taste sensations

Answer 4

SWEETNESS TASTE

Question 5

take longer to chew and get sweeter the more you chew them

Answer 5

less-sweet whole grains
(starches & fiber)

Question 6

when carbohydrates reach the stomach, ____ occurs

(amylase does not function in the acidic conditios of the stomach)

Answer 6

NO FURTHER CHEMICAL BREAKDOWN

Question 7

there is no further chemical breakdown when carbohydrates reach the stomach because ____

Answer 7

amylase cannot function in the acidic conditions of the stomach

Question 8

what process is still ongoing when carbohydrates reach the stomach

Answer 8

mechanical breakdown

Question 9

MECHANICAL BREAKDOWN

the strong ____ of the stomach mix the carbohydrates into the more uniform mixture of chyme

Answer 9

PERISTALTIC CONTRACTIONS

Question 10

the enzyme responsible for the initial breakdown of the complex carbohydrates

Answer 10

SALIVARY AMYLASE

Question 11

• chewing or mastication
• occurs in the mouth and stomach
• crumbles the carbohydrtae foods into smaller and smaller pieces

Answer 11

MECHANICAL DIGESTION

Question 12

• salivary amylase
• breaks the bonds between the monomeric sugar units of disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and starches
• breaks down amylose and amylopectin into dextrin and maltose
• only about 5% of starches are broken down in the mouth

Answer 12

CHEMICAL DIGESTION

Question 13

CHEMICAL DIGESTION

breaks the bonds between the ____ sugar units of disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and starches

Answer 13

monomeric

Question 14

CHEMICAL DIGESTION

breaks down amylose into

Answer 14

dextrin

Question 15

CHEMICAL DIGESTION

breaks down amylopectin into

Answer 15

maltose

Question 16

CHEMICAL DIGESTION

only about ____% of starches are broken down in the mouth

Answer 16

5%

Question 17

CHEMICAL DIGESTION

more glucose in the mouth would lead to ____

Answer 17

tooth decay

Question 18

SMALL INTESTINES

the chyme is gradually expelled into the ____

Answer 18

duodenum

Question 19

SMALL INTESTINES

upon entry of the chyme into the small intestine, the pancreas releases ____ through a duct

Answer 19

pancreatic juice

Question 20

SMALL INTESTINES

pancreatic juice contains ____, which starts again the breakdown of dextrin into shorter and shorter carbohydrate chains

Answer 20

pancreatic amylase

Question 21

SMALL INTESTINES

enzymes are secreted by the ____ that line the villi

Answer 21

intestinal cells

Question 22

SMALL INTESTINES

enzymes that line the villi

Answer 22

sucrase
maltase
lactase

Question 23

SMALL INTESTINES

once carbohydrates are chemically broken down into single sugar units, they are now transported into the ____

Answer 23

inside of the intestinal cells

Question 24

SMALL INTESTINES

sucrose

Answer 24

glu + fru

Question 25

# **SMALL INTESTINES** maltose

Answer 25

glu + glu

Question 26

# **SMALL INTESTINES** lactose

Answer 26

glu + galac

Question 27

# **BLOODSTREAM** **small intestine cells have membranes** that contain many ____ in order to **get the monosaccharides** and **other** **nutrients into the blood** where they can be **distributed to the rest of the body**

Answer 27

tranport proteins

Question 28

# **BLOODSTREAM** TYPE OF MOVEMENT: **fructose**

Answer 28

facilitated diffusion

Question 29

# **BLOODSTREAM** TYPE OF MOVEMENT: **galactose** and **glucose**

Answer 29

active transport

Question 30

the **only utilizable** form of sugar

Answer 30

GLUCOSE

Question 31

* **converts** galatose to glucose * **breaks frcutose** into even smaller carbon-containing units * **stores** glucose as **glycogen** or **exports it back** to the blood

Answer 31

LIVER

Question 32

# **BLOODSTREAM** **how much glucose** the **liver exports to the blood** is under ____ and you will soon discover that even the **glucose itself regulates its concentrations** in the blood

Answer 32

hormonal control

Question 33

stores **excess** sugar if **sobra** asukal, ito yung gumagana

Answer 33

insulin

Question 34

**triggers the release** of the stored **excess** glucose in the body

Answer 34

glucagon

Question 34

# **METABOLIC PROCESSES** glucose -> **pyruvate**

Answer 34

GLYCOLYSIS

Question 35

# **METABOLIC PROCESSES** glycogen -> glucose

Answer 35

GLYCOGENOLYSIS

Question 35

# **METABOLIC PROCESSES** glucose -> **glycogen**

Answer 35

GLYCOGENESIS

Question 36

# **METABOLIC PROCESSES** noncarbohydrate -> glucose

Answer 36

GLUCONEOGENESIS

Question 37

some of the remaining **indigestible** carbohydrates are **broken down by enzymes** released by ____

Answer 37

bacteria in the large intestine

Question 38

the **product** of **bacterial digestion** of these **slow-releasing** carbohydrates are ____ and some ____

Answer 38

short-chain fatty acids and some gases

Question 39

____ are either used by the **bacteria** to make **energy** and **grow**, are **eliminated** in the **feces**, or are **absorbed** in the **cells** of the **colon**, with a small amount of being transported to

Answer 39

short-chain fatty acids

Question 40

use the **short-chain fatty acids** to **support** some of their **functions**

Answer 40

colonic cells

Question 41

can also **metabolize** the **short-chain fatty acids** into **cellular energy**

Answer 41

liver

Question 42

* is digested **much less** in the GI tract than other carbohydrate types (simple sugars, starches) * the **rise** in **blood glucose** after eating them is **less** and **slower**

Answer 42

dietary fiber

Question 43

# **EXPERIMENT** **LUGOL'S** TEST result: presence of **starch**

Answer 43

**bluish black** ppt

Question 44

# **EXPERIMENT** **BENEDICT'S** TEST result: presence of **reducing sugar** | glucose

Answer 44

greenish solution | the color depends on the quantity of glucose