Urbanisation, Suburbanisation, Counterurbanisation and Urban Resurgence Flashcards
Define urbanisation:
The increasing number of city dwellers compared to rural.
What 5 characteristics determine whether or not an area is urban?
Population density Infrastructure Minimum population threshold Proportion of non-agricultural employment Education and health services.
True or false: the rate of urbanisation is always the same in every country.
This is false: the rate of urbanisation varies between countries.
What percentage of the world’s population lived in urban areas in 1950?
30%
What percentage of the global population lived in rural areas in 2014?
54%
What percentage of the global GDP is generated in cities?
80%
What are the two main reasons for urbanisation?
Rural- urban migration and natural increase.
What percentage of natural increase contributes to urban growth?
Natural increase contributes to 60% of urban growth.
What do populations in urban areas with high natural increases tend to have?
They tend to have a youthful age profile e.g. Clapham, Fulham, London
Where does rural-urban migration tend to occur?
It tends to occur in LICs.
What causes rural-urban migration?
Push and pull factors.
What happened to the worlds urban population in 2008?
For the first time ever, 50% of the word’s population lived in towns and cities in 2008.
What are the main consequences of urbanisation?
Overcrowding, pollution, urban sprawl, unemployment and under employment, shortage of housing and demand in HICs and LICs, transport problems and a lack of urban services and waste disposal.
What 3 things can overcrowding lead to?
Lack of resources
Spread of disease
Poverty
What are the 4 types of pollution?
Light
Pollution
Air
Water
What are the 4 consequences of urban sprawl?
Loss of farmland Impacted water quality Loss of habitat More commuting from the suburbs Needs more roads and infrastructure
What will a loss of farmland result in?
This will result in a loss of local food sources.
What problem does urban sprawl cause in terms of water management?
There are less permeable surfaces and so a higher flood risk. There is also increased water consumption and so aquifers become depleted.e
What will be a knock-on effect of commuting from the suburbs?
There will be more traffic and an increased fuel consumption, this will lead to air pollution and increased temperatures.
What type of infrastructure is required as a result of urban sprawl?
Cables
Wires
Pipes
What causes urban sprawl?
Decentralisation
What is under employment?
This is where a person does a job that does not make use of their skills.
What pressure do young city dwellers have as a result of unemployment and under employment?
They put on a pressure to create enough jobs.
What does high unemployment often cause migrants to do?
They often find informal work.
What does a shortage of housing in HICs lead to?
It leads to an increased housing demand so house prices increase because of in-migration and gentrification.
What do high house prices lead to?
It drives people out of the area.
What was the percentage increase for housing prices in London between 2010 and 2015?
There was a 50% increase.
What does a shortage of housing in LICs lead to?
Slums
Where are the slums located?
They are located in the edge of cities where the land value is low.
What do slums lack?
They lack basic infrastructure and services.
What are slums near to?
They are next to transport networks.
What types of pollution are common in slums?
There is high air, water and noise pollution.
What environmental hazard to people living in slums face?
Landslides
Why is there a shortage of housing in LICs?
This is because there is a high population density.
Why do people live in slums?
There is a lack of housing and a lack of money.
What do slum upgrading programmes do?
They attempt to improve life in the slums.
What does rush hour lead to in urban areas?
There is more congestion and so more pollution which can damage health.
What is important for Nairobi’s economy?
Recycling
In which part of the world does the government only deal with 2/3 of the waste?
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Where does the other 1/3 of Addis Ababa’s waste go and risk does it create?
It goes on streets and rivers which creates a health risk.
What does a lack of money in LICs lead to?
This leads to a lack of services.
What basic infrastructure do LICs lack?
Electricity Roads Sewers Drainage systems Traffic control
What is a result of a lack of basic services in LICs?
Disease and water pollution
What percentage of water reached Indian slums in 2015?
5% of water reached 42 Indian slums in towns and cities in 2015
