Urbanisation, Suburbanisation, Counterurbanisation and Urban Resurgence

Question 1

Define urbanisation:

Answer 1

The increasing number of city dwellers compared to rural.

Question 2

What 5 characteristics determine whether or not an area is urban?

Answer 2

Population density
Infrastructure
Minimum population threshold
Proportion of non-agricultural employment
Education and health services.

Question 3

True or false: the rate of urbanisation is always the same in every country.

Answer 3

This is false: the rate of urbanisation varies between countries.

Question 4

What percentage of the world’s population lived in urban areas in 1950?

Answer 4

30%

Question 5

What percentage of the global population lived in rural areas in 2014?

Answer 5

54%

Question 6

What percentage of the global GDP is generated in cities?

Answer 6

80%

Question 7

What are the two main reasons for urbanisation?

Answer 7

Rural- urban migration and natural increase.

Question 8

What percentage of natural increase contributes to urban growth?

Answer 8

Natural increase contributes to 60% of urban growth.

Question 9

What do populations in urban areas with high natural increases tend to have?

Answer 9

They tend to have a youthful age profile e.g. Clapham, Fulham, London

Question 10

Where does rural-urban migration tend to occur?

Answer 10

It tends to occur in LICs.

Question 11

What causes rural-urban migration?

Answer 11

Push and pull factors.

Question 12

What happened to the worlds urban population in 2008?

Answer 12

For the first time ever, 50% of the word’s population lived in towns and cities in 2008.

Question 13

What are the main consequences of urbanisation?

Answer 13

Overcrowding, pollution, urban sprawl, unemployment and under employment, shortage of housing and demand in HICs and LICs, transport problems and a lack of urban services and waste disposal.

Question 14

What 3 things can overcrowding lead to?

Answer 14

Lack of resources
Spread of disease
Poverty

Question 15

What are the 4 types of pollution?

Answer 15

Light
Pollution
Air
Water

Question 16

What are the 4 consequences of urban sprawl?

Answer 16

Loss of farmland
Impacted water quality 
Loss of habitat
More commuting from the suburbs
Needs more roads and infrastructure

Question 17

What will a loss of farmland result in?

Answer 17

This will result in a loss of local food sources.

Question 18

What problem does urban sprawl cause in terms of water management?

Answer 18

There are less permeable surfaces and so a higher flood risk. There is also increased water consumption and so aquifers become depleted.e

Question 19

What will be a knock-on effect of commuting from the suburbs?

Answer 19

There will be more traffic and an increased fuel consumption, this will lead to air pollution and increased temperatures.

Question 20

What type of infrastructure is required as a result of urban sprawl?

Answer 20

Cables
Wires
Pipes

Question 21

What causes urban sprawl?

Answer 21

Decentralisation

Question 22

What is under employment?

Answer 22

This is where a person does a job that does not make use of their skills.

Question 23

What pressure do young city dwellers have as a result of unemployment and under employment?

Answer 23

They put on a pressure to create enough jobs.

Question 24

What does high unemployment often cause migrants to do?

Answer 24

They often find informal work.

Question 25

What does a shortage of housing in HICs lead to?

Answer 25

It leads to an increased housing demand so house prices increase because of in-migration and gentrification.

Question 26

What do high house prices lead to?

Answer 26

It drives people out of the area.

Question 27

What was the percentage increase for housing prices in London between 2010 and 2015?

Answer 27

There was a 50% increase.

Question 28

What does a shortage of housing in LICs lead to?

Answer 28

Slums

Question 29

Where are the slums located?

Answer 29

They are located in the edge of cities where the land value is low.

Question 30

What do slums lack?

Answer 30

They lack basic infrastructure and services.

Question 31

What are slums near to?

Answer 31

They are next to transport networks.

Question 32

What types of pollution are common in slums?

Answer 32

There is high air, water and noise pollution.

Question 33

What environmental hazard to people living in slums face?

Answer 33

Landslides

Question 34

Why is there a shortage of housing in LICs?

Answer 34

This is because there is a high population density.

Question 35

Why do people live in slums?

Answer 35

There is a lack of housing and a lack of money.

Question 36

What do slum upgrading programmes do?

Answer 36

They attempt to improve life in the slums.

Question 37

What does rush hour lead to in urban areas?

Answer 37

There is more congestion and so more pollution which can damage health.

Question 38

What is important for Nairobi's economy?

Answer 38

Recycling

Question 39

In which part of the world does the government only deal with 2/3 of the waste?

Answer 39

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Question 40

Where does the other 1/3 of Addis Ababa's waste go and risk does it create?

Answer 40

It goes on streets and rivers which creates a health risk.

Question 41

What does a lack of money in LICs lead to?

Answer 41

This leads to a lack of services.

Question 42

What basic infrastructure do LICs lack?

Answer 42

``` Electricity Roads Sewers Drainage systems Traffic control ```

Question 43

What is a result of a lack of basic services in LICs?

Answer 43

Disease and water pollution

Question 44

What percentage of water reached Indian slums in 2015?

Answer 44

5% of water reached 42 Indian slums in towns and cities in 2015