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Contemporary Urban Environments > Key terms > Flashcards

Key terms Flashcards

1
Q

Megacity

A

A city or urban agglomeration with a population of over 10 million.

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2
Q

Urban agglomeration

A

An urban area incorporating several large towns or cities.

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3
Q

Metacity

A

A conurbation with more than 20 million people.

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4
Q

Urban growth

A

An increase by the number of urban dwellers.

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5
Q

Urbanisation

A

An increase in the proportion of a country’s population that lives in towns and cities.

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6
Q

What are the main two causes of urbanisation?

A

Natural increase

Rural urban migration

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7
Q

Urban sprawl

A

The spread of an urban area into the surrounding countryside.

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8
Q

Counter-urbanisation

A

The movement of people from large urban areas into smaller urban areas or into rural areas, thereby leapfrogging the rural-urban fringe. It can mean daily commuting, but can also require lifestyle changes and the increased use of ICT.

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9
Q

Decentralisation

A

The movement of population and industry from the urban centre to outlying areas.

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10
Q

Deindustrialisation

A

This refers to the loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector, which occurred in the UK in the second half of the 20th century.

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11
Q

Gentrification

A

The buying and renovating of properties, often in more run-down areas, by wealthier individuals.

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12
Q

Suburbanisation

A

The movement of people from living in the inner parts of a city to the outer edges.

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13
Q

What has suburbanisation been facilitated by?

A

Suburbanisation has been facilitated by the development of transport networks and an increase in car ownership.

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14
Q

Urban resurgence

A

This refers to the regeneration both economic and structural, of an urban area which has suffered a period of decline

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15
Q

What initiates urban resurgence?

A

Urban resurgence is initiated by redevelopment schemes but is also due to wider social, economic and demographic processes.

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16
Q

Edge city

A

A self-contained settlement which has emerged beyond the original city boundary and developed as a city in its own right.

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17
Q

Fortress landscape

A

This term refers to landscapes designed around security, protection, surveillance and exclusion.

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18
Q

World city

A

Cities that have a great influence on a global scale.

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19
Q

Why do world cities have an impact on a global scale?

A

They have a big impact on a global scale because of their financial statement and worldwide commercial power. They often house the headquarters of many TNCs as well as being centres of world finance and international consumer services.

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20
Q

Cultural diversity

A

The existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society.

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21
Q

Diaspora

A

A group of people with a similar heritage or homeland who have settled elsewhere in the world.

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22
Q

Social segregation

A

When groups of people live apart from the larger population due to factors such as wealth, ethnicity, religion or age.

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23
Q

Urban social exclusion

A

Economic and social problems faced by residents in areas of multiple deprivation.

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24
Q

Albedo

A

The reflectivity of a surface. It is the ratio of the amount of incoming radiation and the amount of energy reflected back into the atmosphere.

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25
Q

What type of surface has a greater albedo?

A

Light surfaces reflect more than dark surfaces and so have a greater albedo.

26
Q

Microclimate

A

The small-scale variations in temperature, wind speed, humidity, evaporation and precipitation in a particular environment such as an urban area.

27
Q

Particulate air pollution

A

A form of air pollution caused by the release of particles and noxious gases into the atmosphere. Emission of particles can occur naturally but also by the combustion of fossil fuels.

28
Q

Photochemical pollution

A

A form of air pollution that occurs mainly in cities and can be dangerous to health. Exhaust fumes become trapped by temperature inversions and, in the presence of sunlight, low level ozone can form . This is associated with high-pressure weather systems.

29
Q

Temperature inversion

A

An atmospheric condition in which temperature unusually increases with height. These inversions are stable and do not allow convection, causing them to trap pollution in the lower layer of the atmosphere.

30
Q

Urban heat island

A

The zone around and above an urban area, which has higher temperatures than the surrounding rural areas.

31
Q

Channelling

A

This is where wind is directed down long straight canyon-like streets where there is less friction.

32
Q

What are the streets in channelling sometimes referred to as?

A

Urban canyons

33
Q

What is the Venturi effect?

A

The squeezing of wind into an increasingly narrow gap resulting in a pressure decrease and velocity increase.

34
Q

What does SUDS stand for?

A

Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems

35
Q

What are SUDS?

A

This is an approach to managing rainfall by using natural processes in the landscape to reduce flooding, control flooding and provide amenity for the community

36
Q

Brownfield site

A

A term used in urban planning to describe land that has been used previously for industrial or commercial purposes.

37
Q

Dereliction

A

The state buildings having been abandoned and become dilapidated.

38
Q

Greenfield site

A

An area of undeveloped land.

39
Q

Land remediation

A

The removal of pollutants or contaminants from the ground, which enables areas of derelict former industrial land to be brought back into commercial use.

40
Q

Ecological footprint

A

The total area of productive land and water required to produce the resources a population needs and the waste produced.

41
Q

Liveability

A

The characteristics of a city which improve the quality of life for the people living there.

42
Q

Sustainable city

A

A city which provides employment, a high standard of living, a clean, healthy environment and fair governance for all of its residents.

43
Q

Sustainable development

A

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

44
Q

Urban resilience

A

The capacity of individuals, communities, institutions, businesses and systems within a city to survive, adapt and grow, no matter what kinds of chronic stress and acute shocks they experience.

45
Q

Urban rural fringe

A

Where the town and countryside meet, often has a range of land uses.

46
Q

LIC

A

Low Income Country

47
Q

HIC

A

High Income Country

48
Q

Agglomeration

A

An urban area incorporating towns and cities.

49
Q

Conurbation

A

An extended urban area.

50
Q

Urban-rural migration

A

The movement of people from the countryside to the city.

51
Q

Primary industry

A

The sector of the economy making direct use of natural resources.

52
Q

Secondary industry

A

The sector of the economy involved in processing or manufacturing to produce finished capital or consumer goods.

53
Q

Tertiary industry

A

The sector of the economy concerned with providing services.

54
Q

Quaternary industry

A

The knowledge based part of the economy.

55
Q

Regeneration

A

Restoration

56
Q

CBD

A

Central Business District

57
Q

Urban morphology

A

The spatial structure and organisation of an urban area.

58
Q

Land remediation

A

The removal of pollution or contaminants from the ground which enables areas of derelict former industrial land to be brought back into commercial use.

59
Q

Economic inequality

A

The difference between levels of living standards, income etc across the whole economic distribution.

60
Q

Topography

A

This is the physical appearance and surface features of the landscape, including its hills, valleys and other landforms.

Contemporary Urban Environments (24 decks)

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