Urban Change

Question 1

What does deindustrialisation refer to?

Answer 1

This refers to the loss of jobs in manufacturing.

Question 2

When did deindustrialisation happen in the UK?

Answer 2

In the 2nd half of the 20th century.

Question 3

What had the manufacturing industry been key to before deindustrialisation?

Answer 3

It was a key contributor to the growth of urban areas.

Question 4

What was created by industrialisation?

Answer 4

Jobs

Question 5

True or false: all cities produced the same goods?

Answer 5

This is false, each city had its own specialisation.

Question 6

What had happened by the 1980s?

Answer 6

Older industrial cities were facing economic problems due to the decline in manufacturing.

Question 7

What are the three factors that lead to a decline in manufacturing?

Answer 7

Mechanisation
Competition from abroad
Reduced demand for traditional products.

Question 8

What is meant by mechanisation?

Answer 8

This is where machines were used instead of people.

Question 9

Why was mechanisation common?

Answer 9

It was cheaper to use machines than people.

Question 10

Where was most of the competition from abroad from?

Answer 10

Mainly from RICs such as Taiwan, India and China.

Question 11

What does RIC mean?

Answer 11

Recently Industrialised Country

Question 12

Why was there a reduced demand for traditional products?

Answer 12

New materials and technologies were developed.

Question 13

What were the 3 main positive impacts of deindustrialisation?

Answer 13

Lower house prices due to out-migration.
Jobs created in tertiary and quaternary sectors.
Less pollution, both atmospheric and visual, after the clean up.

Question 14

What type of area bore the brunt of job losses?

Answer 14

Urban areas but unemployment figures varied significantly both within cities and between them.

Question 15

What did inner city areas tend to contain?

Answer 15

They contained many of the old types of work place that were more likely to be closed such as old plants with old production techniques, lowest productivity and the most unionised workforces.

Question 16

What did inner city areas tend to lack?

Answer 16

The lacked space for the expansion of existing manufacturing.

Question 17

What did the lack of space in inner city areas lead to?

Answer 17

Investment went to the edge of urban areas and more rural locations.

Question 18

What is deindustrialisation?

Answer 18

This is the movement of industry and population away from city centres.

Question 19

When did decentralisation affect the residential and retail land use in the UK?

Answer 19

It affected residential and retail land use in the late 20th century.

Question 20

What fuels the growth of the service sector?

Answer 20

Population growth
Financial services are still needed to support manufacturing industries.
As societies become more technologically sophisticated, they need a larger range of specialised services to keep them running.
As societies become wealthier, they demand more leisure and retail services.

Question 21

What have many cities in the world seen in regards to manufacturing and services?

Answer 21

There has been a large shift in their economic core from manufacturing to service based activities.

Question 22

What has growth in the service sector helped reduce?

Answer 22

It has helped reduce unemployment from industrialisation.

Question 23

What 4 problems still exist because of deindustrialisation?

Answer 23

Many of the men who lost their jobs because of deindustrialisation still suffer long term unemployment.
Many of the service jobs created are part time and temporary.
The number of service jobs created has not always made up for the lack of manufacturing jobs.
Inner city locations have been avoided by both service industries and new manufacturing companies which had lead to a continued inner city decline.

Question 24

What are the 2 negative environmental impacts of deindustrialisation?

Answer 24

Derelict land and buildings.
Long term pollution from “dirty” industries such as dye works and iron foundries which remain a problem because there is a lack of money for land remediation.

Question 25

What are the 5 main negative economic impacts?

Answer 25

Loss of income tax, resulting in a potential decline in services.
Increased demand for state benefits.
Loss of income in the service sector as a result of the falling spending power of the local population.
Decline in property prices due to out-migration.
Negative multiplier effect in urban areas that were affected by deindustrialisation.

Question 26

What are the 3 negative economic and social effects of deindustrialisation?

Answer 26

Increase in unemployment.
Loss of jobs means a loss of personal disposable incomes.
Closure of businesses.

Question 27

What are the 6 main negative social effects of deindustrialisation?

Answer 27

Out-migration, usually by those who are better skilled and more prosperous.
Higher levels of crime, drug and alcohol abuse, family break down and other social problems.
Deteriorating infrastructure.
Higher levels of deprivation.
Reduced maintenance of local housing due to lower personal and local authority incomes.
Loss of confidence and morale in population.