Urban Issues Flashcards
What is urban change?
The increasing percentage of a population living in towns and cities
What is a megacity?
A city with more than 10 million people living in it
What are the two main causes of urbanization?
- Rural-urban migration
- Natural increase
What is rural-urban migration?
People moving from the countryside (rural) to towns and cities (urban)
What are push factors in urban migration?
Reasons that drive people to leave the countryside, such as:
* Limited job opportunities
* Low pay
* Mechanisation
What are pull factors in urban migration?
Reasons that attract people to move to the city, such as:
* Jobs and higher pay
* Education
* Closer to schools
What is natural increase?
When the birth rate is higher than the death rate
What demographic trend is observed in urban areas?
People living in cities tend to be younger, typically aged 18 - 35
Fill in the blank: A city with more than _____ million people living in it is called a megacity.
10
True or False: Urbanization is solely caused by natural increase.
False
What is the relationship between urban living and birth rates?
Urban areas tend to have higher birth rates due to younger populations
Identify one urban trend in Central Africa.
High growth rates
Identify one urban trend in Eastern Europe.
Some countries are experiencing stagnant or declining populations
What is a high-income country?
A country characterized by a high gross national income per capita
Examples include Germany and Poland.
What is a low-income country?
A country characterized by a low gross national income per capita
An example is many countries in Africa.
What is urban growth?
The increase in the population living in urban areas
Urban growth happens faster in certain countries due to various factors.
List reasons why urban growth happens faster in some countries.
- Dirt control
- Corresponding education
- Control by older populations
- Religious factors
- Mortality rates
These factors contribute to varying rates of urbanization.
What is a megacity?
A city with a population of over 10 million people
Megacities are significant due to their size and influence.
Name three of the top 20 world megacities.
- Tokyo
- Delhi
- Shanghai
These cities are among the largest in the world by population.
True or False: Most megacities are located in Asia.
True
Asia has more than 20 megacities, making it the continent with the highest concentration.
Fill in the blank: _______ has three megacities.
North America
This includes cities like New York and Los Angeles.
Describe the global distribution of megacities.
Most megacities are in Asia, with North America having only three
This highlights the concentration of urban populations in certain regions.
What is the significance of urban growth in countries?
It can lead to economic development and changes in social structures
Urban growth impacts infrastructure, housing, and services.
What is the geographical location of Rio de Janeiro?
Located in the southern part of South America, near the Tropic of Capricorn and the Atlantic Ocean.
It lies close to the Equator.
What percentage of Brazil’s GDP does Rio contribute?
5% of Brazil’s GDP.
This highlights Rio’s economic significance within the country.
What is the population of Rio de Janeiro?
6.5 million.
This makes it the third largest urban area in Brazil.
Name two important industries in Rio de Janeiro.
- Manufacturing
- Finance
These industries play a crucial role in the city’s economy.
What cultural significance does Rio de Janeiro hold?
It is known as the cultural capital of Brazil, with 50 museums and the annual Carnival.
The Carnival is one of the world’s largest music and dance celebrations.
How many ports and airports does Rio de Janeiro have?
5 ports and 3 airports.
This makes it an important international transport hub.
What major international event did Rio host in 2016?
The Summer Olympic Games.
It was the first time the Olympics were held in South America.
How many tourists does Rio attract annually?
2.82 million visitors per year.
This makes it the most visited city in South America.
What designation does Rio de Janeiro hold as a World Heritage Site?
It is recognized as being of outstanding international importance and given special protection.
This designation is granted to places of significant cultural or natural value.
True or False: Rio de Janeiro is the largest city in Brazil.
False.
The largest city in Brazil is Sao Paulo.
Fill in the blank: Rio de Janeiro is famous for its _______.
beaches, Carnaval, and the statue of Christ the Redeemer.
List three reasons for the rapid growth of Rio de Janeiro in the last 50 years.
- Economic opportunities
- Cultural significance
- Urban development
These factors contribute to the city’s population increase and urban expansion.
What is one reason for the growth of Rio?
Increased job opportunities in construction and manufacturing.
These jobs tend to be higher paid than farming jobs.
What type of jobs are available in the favelas?
Jobs in offices and finance, such as those at Petrobras, Brazil’s oil company.
Petrobras is a major player in Brazil’s economy.
What is a contributing factor to the high birth rate in certain communities?
Lack of access to family planning and education.
This results in fewer resources and support for family planning.
Fill in the blank: The birth rate is _______ in Rio due to lack of access to resources.
high
What are the types of jobs that have higher pay in Rio?
Construction and manufacturing jobs.
These sectors offer better wages compared to farming.
True or False: There are more jobs available in farming than in construction and manufacturing in Rio.
False
Construction and manufacturing jobs are noted to be higher paid.
What are the two main factors contributing to job scarcity in some areas of Rio?
Lack of jobs and lack of education on family planning.
These factors lead to economic challenges in the communities.
What percentage of Rio’s population does not have access to running water?
12%
This indicates significant inequalities in access to basic services.
What percentage of water in Rio is lost due to leaking pipes, fraud, and illegal access?
37%
This loss exacerbates the water supply crisis.
What health issues are associated with inadequate water supply in Rio?
Water borne diseases like typhoid and cholera
These diseases can spread due to lack of clean water.
What impact does collecting water have on children in Rio?
Children might have to spend time collecting water rather than going to school or doing homework
This affects their education and future prospects.
How many new treatment plants were built in Rio between 1998 and 2014?
7 new treatment plants
This effort included laying 300km of pipes.
What percentage of the population in Rio had a mains water supply by 2014?
95%
This represents a significant improvement in water access.
What is the school enrollment situation in Rio?
Low, with only 50% continuing school beyond age 14
Many drop out and get involved in drug trafficking.
What are the reasons for low school enrollment in Rio?
- Lack of schools
- Lack of teachers
- Low pay for teachers
These factors contribute to educational challenges.
What percentage of Rio had a local family health clinic in 2013?
55%
This highlights the inadequate healthcare services available.
What kind of support has been provided to encourage families in Rio?
- Grants to poor families for schooling costs
- Money for sports lessons
These initiatives aim to improve education and community involvement.
What improvements were made in healthcare in the favela of Santa Marta?
Medical staff took health kits into homes and issued treatments
This approach helped reduce the death rate in the area.
How far is the nearest hospital from the favela of Santa Marta?
13 km
This distance complicates access to medical care.
True or False: Drug trafficking in Rio is associated with 10% of drug gangs.
True
This statistic underscores the challenge of violence and crime.
Fill in the blank: Rio faces challenges in providing important services for its _______ growing population.
rapidly
Rapid population growth strains existing infrastructure.
What has led to frequent blackouts in Rio?
Increasing population demands and a shortage of electricity
The demand for energy has outpaced the supply, causing blackouts.
What new infrastructure has been developed to address energy needs in Rio?
New nuclear generator and Simplicio hydroelectric complex
The hydroelectric complex produces 30% of Rio’s electricity.
What economic event severely impacted Brazil’s economy in 2015?
A deep recession
This recession led to increased unemployment and social unrest.
What is the unemployment rate in the favelas of Rio?
Over 20%
This high unemployment rate contributes to economic challenges.
What percentage of total income is earned by the richest 1% in Rio?
12%
This contrasts sharply with the income of the poorest 50%.
What percentage of total income is earned by the poorest 50% in Rio?
13%
This highlights the economic disparity in the city.
What is a significant characteristic of employment in the favelas?
Most work in the informal economy
Jobs include street vendors, drivers, labourers, maids, and artisans.
Fill in the blank: The ‘Schools of _______’ program aims to improve education for young people in violent areas.
Tomorrow
This initiative addresses educational deficiencies.
What are Police Pacifying Units (PPUs) intended to do?
Reclaim favelas from gangs
PPUs are part of the effort to reduce crime and restore order.
True or False: The majority of Rio’s 3.5 million workers have formal employment.
False
One-third do not have formal employment.
What is a major issue related to crime in Rio?
Robbery and violent crime
Powerful gangs control drug trafficking in favelas.
What type of economy do many residents of the favelas rely on?
Informal economy
This economy often lacks legal protections and benefits.
What are some of the solutions implemented to tackle high unemployment?
Free childcare for teenage parents and courses for adults
These initiatives aim to improve education and employment opportunities.
What is one major environmental challenge facing Rio?
Air pollution
Air pollution causes 5000 deaths per year in Rio.
By what percentage has the number of cars in Rio grown in the last 10 years?
40%
The increase in cars contributes significantly to air pollution.
What solution has been implemented to address air pollution in Rio?
Metro expansion
Expanding the metro aims to reduce the reliance on cars.
How many deaths per year are attributed to air pollution in Rio?
5000
This figure highlights the severity of the air pollution issue.
What is the daily amount of raw sewage polluting Guanabara Bay?
200 tonnes
This significant amount contributes to the decline of fishing in the bay.
What percentage of Guanabara Bay is reported to be polluted?
90%
The high level of pollution poses health risks to residents.
What is one consequence of the pollution in Guanabara Bay?
Decline in fishing
Fishing has declined due to the high levels of pollution in the bay.
What has been built to help reduce water pollution in Rio since 2004?
12 new sewage works
These works cost US$68 million and aim to improve water quality.
What is a challenge faced in waste collection in the favelas of Rio?
Few proper roads and steep slopes
This makes it difficult for waste collection lorries to operate effectively.
What innovative solution has been set up to deal with waste in Rio?
Power plant to produce methane from rotting rubbish
This biogas production helps manage waste and generates energy.
What type of waste contributes to the pollution in Guanabara Bay?
Industrial waste
Along with raw sewage, industrial waste significantly impacts water quality.
Fill in the blank: The bay is polluted by _______ tonnes of industrial waste each day.
50
This pollution affects marine life and local communities.
What is one major environmental challenge facing Rio?
Air pollution
Air pollution causes 5000 deaths per year in Rio.
By what percentage has the number of cars in Rio grown in the last 10 years?
40%
The increase in cars contributes significantly to air pollution.
What solution has been implemented to address air pollution in Rio?
Metro expansion
Expanding the metro aims to reduce the reliance on cars.
How many deaths per year are attributed to air pollution in Rio?
5000
This figure highlights the severity of the air pollution issue.
What is the daily amount of raw sewage polluting Guanabara Bay?
200 tonnes
This significant amount contributes to the decline of fishing in the bay.
What percentage of Guanabara Bay is reported to be polluted?
90%
The high level of pollution poses health risks to residents.
What is one consequence of the pollution in Guanabara Bay?
Decline in fishing
Fishing has declined due to the high levels of pollution in the bay.
What has been built to help reduce water pollution in Rio since 2004?
12 new sewage works
These works cost US$68 million and aim to improve water quality.
What is a challenge faced in waste collection in the favelas of Rio?
Few proper roads and steep slopes
This makes it difficult for waste collection lorries to operate effectively.
What innovative solution has been set up to deal with waste in Rio?
Power plant to produce methane from rotting rubbish
This biogas production helps manage waste and generates energy.
What type of waste contributes to the pollution in Guanabara Bay?
Industrial waste
Along with raw sewage, industrial waste significantly impacts water quality.
Fill in the blank: The bay is polluted by _______ tonnes of industrial waste each day.
50
This pollution affects marine life and local communities.
What are squatter settlements in Brazil called?
Favelas
Favelas are illegal settlements where people have built homes on land they do not own.
What is a key characteristic of favelas?
Areas of great social deprivation
Favelas lack basic services and infrastructure.
What defines a slum?
An area of poor quality (often illegal) housing, lacking in services like water supply, sewerage and electricity
Slums are characterized by inadequate living conditions.
What is the Portuguese name given to a slum?
Favela
What trend was observed in the population of favelas in Rio from 1950 to 2020?
The population of favelas increased every year
The favela population grew alongside the total population of Rio.
Fill in the blank: Favelas are illegal settlements where people have built homes on land they did not _______.
own
Describe the living conditions commonly found in a slum.
Dirty water, weak housing, cramped conditions
Slums often lack proper sanitation and living space.
True or False: Favelas are legal settlements with proper housing.
False
What was the population trend of favelas from 1950 to 2020?
Increased every year
This trend indicates ongoing urbanization and migration to these areas.
List three characteristics of squatter settlements.
- Cramped housing
- Poor quality of infrastructure
- Lack of basic services
What is the English translation of the term ‘favela’?
Slum
Fill in the blank: The term ‘favela’ refers specifically to _______ in Brazil.
squatter settlements
What are the main problems of squatter settlements?
Construction, Services, Unemployment, Crime, Health
These categories encompass various issues faced by squatter settlements or favelas.
What materials are commonly used in the construction of houses in squatter settlements?
Iron, bricks, plastic sheets
These materials are often used due to their low cost and availability.
What natural disaster significantly impacted favelas in 2010?
Landslides
Heavy rain from storms caused landslides that resulted in 224 deaths and 13,000 people losing their homes.
What percentage of homes in non-improved favelas lack running water?
12%
This statistic highlights the severe lack of basic services in many favelas.
What percentage of homes in favelas do not have electricity?
Over 30%
Many homes rely on illegal connections to electricity pylons.
What is the average monthly income of individuals living in favelas?
Less than £75
This low income reflects the economic struggles faced by the residents.
What is the unemployment rate in squatter settlements?
As high as 20%
This indicates a significant economic challenge within these communities.
What is the murder rate in many favelas?
20 per 1000 people
This high rate is often associated with the influence of drug gangs.
What is a common health issue faced by residents due to waste disposal problems?
Increased danger of disease
Waste buildup in streets contributes to health risks.
What are the infant mortality rates in many favelas?
As high as 50 per 1000
This statistic illustrates the critical health challenges for children in these areas.
What is a common issue with drinking water access in favelas?
Taps are often at the bottom of steep slopes
This situation requires residents to make several trips each day to fetch water.
True or False: Many inhabitants of favelas trust the police.
False
Distrust stems from violence and corruption associated with law enforcement.
What often happens when rubbish is burned in favelas?
It sets fire to wooden houses
The smoke produced is harmful to health.
What is the population density in many favelas?
37,000 per km²
This extreme density contributes to many of the social and health issues faced by residents.
Fill in the blank: Sewers in favelas are often _______.
open drains
This lack of proper sewage systems leads to health hazards.
What is the Favela Bairro Project?
A site and service scheme where the local authority provides land and services for residents to build homes
This project aims to improve the living conditions in favelas.
What are some improvements made in Complexo do Alemão?
Improvements include:
* Paved and formally named roads
* Access to a water supply and drainage system
* Hillsides secured to prevent landslides
* New health, leisure, and education facilities
* Installation of a cable car system
* Access to credit for home improvements
* 100 percent mortgages available
* Pacifying Police Unit (UPP) established
These improvements aim to enhance the quality of life for residents.
How has mobility improved for inhabitants of Complexo do Alemão?
Through the installation of a cable car system that provides one free return ticket a day for residents
This system facilitates easier access to different areas.
What economic support is provided to residents in Complexo do Alemão?
Access to credit for home improvements and 100 percent mortgages for home buying
This financial support aims to empower residents economically.
True or False: The Favela Bairro Project has been recognized as a model by the UN.
True
The project has been acknowledged for its positive impacts and has influenced similar initiatives in other Brazilian cities.
What are some challenges faced by the Favela Bairro Project?
Challenges include:
* Budget of US$1 billion may not cover every favela
* Need for more training to improve literacy
* Lack of maintenance for newly-built infrastructure
* Rising rents in improved favelas
* Residents lack skills and resources for repairs
These issues indicate that the project has not been a complete success.
Fill in the blank: The Favela Bairro Project aims to improve the quality of life for the _______.
[urban poor]
How has the quality of life for the urban poor improved due to the Favela Bairro Project?
Improvements include:
* Better health care facilities
* Increased employment opportunities
* Enhanced education access
* Improved environmental conditions
These factors contribute to a reduction in poverty levels.
What impact has the project had on crime in the community?
The establishment of a Pacifying Police Unit (UPP) aims to help reduce crime
Police patrols are intended to enhance safety in the community.
True or False: The quality of life, mobility, and employment prospects have worsened for the inhabitants of the favelas due to the project.
False
The project has improved these aspects for the inhabitants.
What are the social, economic, and environmental opportunities in Rio?
Social, economic, and environmental opportunities include:
* Tourism
* Petrobras
* Finance and banking
* Construction
* Port industries
* Ethnic and cultural diversity
* Beaches
* Urban forests
* Culture
* Industry
* Sport
* Education
* Community
This list highlights the various sectors contributing to Rio’s development.
What is the significance of ethnic and cultural diversity in Rio?
Ethnic and cultural diversity provides a huge mix of religions, foods, and customs. Rio has the largest Portuguese population outside Portugal and 36% of people are multi-racial.
This diversity enriches the cultural fabric of the city.
Name two of the largest urban forests in the world located in Rio.
Tijuca National Park and White Rock Forests.
These forests contribute to the environmental opportunities in the city.
What iconic beach is located in Rio and what is its significance?
Copacabana Beach, facing the Atlantic Ocean and flanked by mountains, is listed as a world heritage site.
It is a major tourist attraction.
What major sporting events have taken place in Rio?
2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympics.
These events showcase Rio’s role in global sports.
What is Brazil’s national sport?
Football.
Football is a significant part of Brazilian culture.
How does the community spirit manifest in the favelas of Rio?
The favelas demonstrate tremendous community spirit, cooperation, and recycling of materials.
This highlights the resilience and resourcefulness of the communities.
What role do favelas play in Rio’s economy?
Favelas create their own economies; recent improvements have allowed shows and restaurants to develop.
This economic activity contributes to the overall development of the area.
What is the role of education in Rio’s development?
Rio has a number of universities and higher education institutions, making it the 2nd largest center for research and development in the country.
Education is crucial for fostering innovation and skilled labor.
What industries are major in Rio?
Major industries include:
* Petrobras (energy)
* Vale (mining)
* Grupo Globo (media)
These industries are key players in Brazil’s economy.
What cultural events is Rio famous for?
Rio is famous for its annual carnival, samba schools, and sporting events.
These cultural events attract tourists and celebrate local traditions.
What is the multiplier effect?
The positive spin-off effects that follow an initial investment in a region.
How do factory wages influence local businesses?
Wages of factory workers help local shops grow their businesses.
What happens to local spending when people have more money?
People spend more money in the local area, benefiting other businesses.
Fill in the blank: The multiplier effect leads to _______ for more workers.
demand
What is one consequence of growth in a region due to investment?
New shops open and more services are needed.
What do people need as a result of urbanization?
Houses, water, and services.
What attracts people to move to a growing area?
Job opportunities and services.
How does investment in a region grow over time?
It leads to continued economic and physical development.
True or False: The multiplier effect can lead to an increase in local population.
True
What is a possible result of increased investment in overseas industry?
Economic growth in the region.
What social benefit arises from government presence in favelas?
Reduction in crime levels
The presence of government can foster community spirit and improve safety in areas like favelas.
What economic benefits do the Olympics bring to Rio?
Job creation and increased tax revenue
The influx of events like the Olympics can lead to enhanced funding for healthcare and schools.
What environmental advantage is associated with tourism in Rio?
Funding for environmental projects
Tourism generates revenue that can be invested back into the environment.
What opportunity did the Rio Olympics present?
Billions spent on new infrastructure
This includes transport, museums, and sports facilities.
What is a significant challenge faced by residents of favelas during the Olympics?
Destruction of homes
Many residents faced eviction and violence from police during the preparations for the Olympics.
True or False: The Olympics in Rio had only positive outcomes.
False
While there were opportunities, significant challenges and negative impacts also occurred.
What is urbanisation?
The growth in the proportion of a country’s population living in urban areas.
What is the percentage of the world’s population living in urban areas?
Over 50%.
How does urbanisation differ between HICs and LICs?
In HICs, urbanisation occurs at a slow rate; in LICs, it occurs at a fast rate due to economic growth.
What are the two main causes of urbanisation?
- Natural increase
- Rural to urban migration
What are push factors that drive rural to urban migration?
- Natural disasters
- Less farming jobs due to mechanization
- Conflict/war
What are pull factors that attract people to urban areas?
- More, higher paid jobs
- Better access to healthcare
- Better access to education
- Join other family
Define megacities.
Cities with a population of over 10 million.
What is the significance of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil?
It is Brazil’s 2nd most important industrial center, contributing 5% of GDP.
What major events have taken place in Rio de Janeiro?
- Hosted the 2016 Olympic Games
- Popular tourist attractions such as Copacabana Beach and Christ the Redeemer
What drives urban growth in Rio de Janeiro?
Major industrial growth and an increase in tourism.
What is the population distribution in the UK?
82% live in urban areas.
What characterizes Newcastle upon Tyne?
It is the largest city in the North East of England with a population of 292,000.
What are some influences of Newcastle?
- Home to big businesses such as SAGE & Greggs
- Home to 2 universities
- Attracts 2 million visitors each year
What is the difference between national and international migration?
National migration is when people move within the UK; international migration is when people move from other countries.
What are the impacts of migration on Newcastle’s growth?
- Highly skilled migrants
- New businesses
- Fill job gaps
- More cultural diversity
- Racial tensions
- Language barriers
What are favelas?
Illegal squatter settlements in Brazil.
What opportunities attract migrants to Rio de Janeiro?
- Culture
- Beaches
- Industry
- Education
- Favela economies
What is the multiplier effect?
Occurs when a positive change triggers a knock-on effect on other businesses.
What are some social challenges faced by Rio due to rapid urbanisation?
- Inadequate water supply
- Poor construction of houses
- Low school enrolment
- High unemployment
- High crime levels
What are some economic challenges in Rio’s favelas?
- High levels of unemployment
- High crime levels
- Infant mortality rates
What environmental challenges does Rio face?
- Air pollution
- Waste disposal
What are some opportunities presented by the Olympics in Rio?
- Boost in tourism
- Improved infrastructure
- Increased sales
What challenges did locals face due to the Olympics in Rio?
- Evictions of families
- Potential bankruptcy of the city
- Redundant stadiums
What are the advantages of urban greening in Newcastle?
- Hosts events like Hoppings
- Public parks such as Jesmond Dene
What environmental challenges does Newcastle face?
- Derelict land
- Waste disposal
- Urban sprawl
What are key themes in the regeneration of Ouseburn?
- Live
- Work
- Play
- Learn
What is urban deprivation?
A standard of living below that of the majority in a society, involving hardships and lack of resources.
What is the purpose of the ‘Schools of Tomorrow’ programme in Rio?
To improve education in violent areas and provide free childcare for teenage parents.
Fill in the blank: The _______ is a Metro pass for Newcastle holders allowing them to travel into the city.
Magpie Mover
True or False: Urban sprawl refers to the increase of urban areas into rural land.
True
What is urbanisation?
Urbanisation is the growth in the proportion of a country’s population living in urban areas.
What percentage of the world’s population currently lives in urban areas?
Over 50%
How does the rate of urbanisation differ between HICs and LICs?
HICs have a slow rate of urbanisation, while LICs have a fast rate due to economic growth.
What are the two main causes of urbanisation?
- Natural increase
- Rural to urban migration
What are some push factors for rural to urban migration?
- Natural disasters
- Less farming jobs due to mechanisation
- Desertification
- Conflict/war
What are some pull factors for urban migration?
- More, higher paid jobs
- Better healthcare
- Better education
- Join other family members
What defines a megacity?
A megacity has a population of over 10 million people.
What are some opportunities created by urban growth in LICs and NEEs?
- Development of tourist hotels and beaches
- Large industrial and shipping ports for trade
- Luxury flats, shopping malls and tourist facilities
- Olympic and World Cup stadiums and facilities
- Headquarters of major companies
What is a major challenge regarding healthcare in Rio de Janeiro?
Only 55% of the city had a local health clinic.
What is the education challenge faced by children in Rio?
Only half of children in Rio continue school after age 14.
What percentage of people in Rio do not have access to clean, running water?
12%
What energy-related issue does Rio face?
Frequent blackouts due to shortage of electricity.
What is the unemployment rate in the Favelas of Rio?
Over 20%
How many people work in the informal economy in Rio?
3.5 million people
What is a significant crime issue in the Favelas of Rio?
Gang crime, especially drug trafficking.
What transportation issue has increased in Rio?
Traffic congestion due to a 40% increase in car ownership.
What environmental issue does Rio face?
Water pollution, particularly in Guanabara Bay from open sewage and oil spills.
What is the purpose of the Favella Bairo Project?
To provide land and services for favela residents.
What is the budget for the Favella Bairo Project?
S1 billion
Name three improvements included in the Favella Bairo Project.
- Paved and formally named roads
- Improving sanitation and water
- Police pacification unit to reduce crime
What type of mortgage is provided in the Favella Bairo Project?
100% mortgages so people can buy their homes.
What is urbanisation?
The increase in proportion of people living in cities compared to rural areas.
Why is urbanisation happening mostly in LICs?
Rural to urban migration due to jobs in cities (industrialisation).
Give 3 push factors of rural-urban migration.
- Machinery replacing jobs on farms in the countryside.
- Lack of work/opportunities in rural areas compared with urban.
- Drought.
What is a megacity?
City with a population over 10 million.
What has caused Rio to grow?
- Rural urban migration for jobs in industry and services.
- Natural increase.
What are the opportunities of urban growth in Rio?
- Job opportunities from industrialisation.
- Improved healthcare and education.
What are the environmental challenges of urban growth in Rio?
- Water pollution.
- Growth of squatter settlements.
What are the social challenges of urban growth in Rio?
- Lack of electricity.
- Waste pollution.
- Lack of healthcare services.
- Lack of education.
- Lack of employment opportunities.
How is urban planning improving life for the urban poor?
Favela Bairro project - reducing drug crime, improving housing, more job opportunities.
What is urban deprivation?
Poverty in cities. An area within a city which is suffering from decline - lack of services, poor housing and less jobs i.e. Walker and Byker.
How has national and international migration changed Newcastle?
- National - students have helped economic growth, but caused antisocial behaviour.
- International - migrants work in healthcare and at the Universities, more multicultural city.
What opportunities are there in Newcastle as it has changed?
- Recreation and entertainment - shops, theatres, St James Park.
- Wide range of jobs in lots of sectors.
Why did the quayside need regeneration?
Deindustrialisation (decline of industry/factories) due to competition from overseas.
Describe the features of the quayside regeneration in Newcastle.
- New bars, restaurants, office blocks, apartments, The Baltic, The Sage.
- This has created lots of jobs and attracted many to the area.
What is urban sprawl?
A city getting bigger because of an increase in population. The city spreads outwards as new houses are built.
List two negative impacts of the Newcastle Great Park.
- Increased traffic in Gosforth.
- Reduction of green space.
- Increase in house prices.
What is sustainable living?
Living in an environmentally friendly way (i.e. conserving resources, not polluting).
List 3 ways a city can be made more sustainable.
- Water conservation - low flow taps.
- Energy conservation - HIVE smart heating, double glazing.
- Waste recycling - compost heap.
Give two economic impacts of traffic congestion.
- People being late for work.
- Delay in the delivery of goods.
List 2 examples of transport strategies to reduce congestion.
- Hybrid/electric buses.
- The Metro.
What are Tempo houses made from?
Recycled shipping containers
This material is easily accessible due to Lagos having a big shipping port.
How quickly can Tempo houses be constructed on site?
In 7 days
This is 10 times faster than traditional homes.
How much cheaper are Tempo houses compared to conventional homes?
25% cheaper
They start at 4.3 million Naira (£4300) for a studio flat.
What is the maximum height Tempo houses can be stacked?
9 stories high
What additional facilities can Tempo houses provide?
Hospitals, schools, and offices
They can also be used as homes.
What improvements do Tempo houses offer for residents?
Fitted bathrooms and kitchens
This improves sanitation and health.
What economic benefit do Tempo houses provide to Lagos residents?
Jobs in the formal sector
True or False: Tempo houses are affordable for the poorest residents of Lagos.
False
They are still very expensive and out of reach for many.
What is a social drawback of moving to Tempo houses?
Loss of community from the slums
What stigma is associated with living in a Tempo house?
Reluctance to live in a house made of a shipping container
People often feel embarrassed.
What is a necessary feature for Tempo houses to cope with Lagos’s climate?
Good insulation
Steel conducts heat well, making insulation essential.
What does sustainable urban living mean?
Living in cities without polluting the environment and ensuring resource availability for future generations
Sustainable urban living emphasizes ecological balance and resource management.
What is water conservation?
Reducing the amount of water used
This includes methods such as collecting rainwater and installing efficient fixtures.
List three methods of water conservation.
- Collecting rainwater for gardens and toilets
- Installing water meters and low-flush toilets
- Educating people on water usage
How do green spaces benefit urban areas?
They provide cooler areas, encourage exercise, and reduce flood risks from surface runoff
Green spaces enhance the quality of urban life.
What is energy conservation?
Using less fossil fuels to reduce climate change
This involves promoting renewable energy and improving energy efficiency.
List three strategies for energy conservation.
- Promoting renewable energy sources
- Making homes more energy efficient
- Encouraging reduced energy use
What is the goal of waste recycling?
To use fewer resources and reduce landfill waste
Recycling helps in resource conservation and waste management.
List three components of a successful waste recycling program.
- Collection of household waste
- More local recycling facilities
- Greater awareness of recycling benefits
